Molecular Epidemiology of Porcine H3N2 Influenza A Viruses Isolated in Germany between 1982 and 2001

Schrader, Christina; Süß, Jochen

doi:10.1159/000077829

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…All three subtypes have also been isolated from pigs showing clinical symptoms during different outbreaks in Germany between 1981 and 2001 [6,7] . The data from phylogenetic analysis of partial gene sequences of these isolates show that interspecies transmission occurred between birds, pigs and humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The serumfree medium applied in plaque and plaque reduction assays was . They were isolated in allantoic cavities of 11-day-old embryonated hens' eggs [6,7] . The specimens were nasal swabs as well as lung samples collected during outbreaks of respiratory diseases in German pig farms between 1981 and 2001.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results of the present study support this suggestion. Phylogenetic comparison of the partially sequenced M1 gene of German porcine infl uenza viruses revealed that the internal M protein gene of all isolates is of avian origin [6,7] . In 1979, an H1N1 avian infl uenza virus was transmitted to pigs in Northern Europe [31] .…”

Section: A/swine ------------------+-------------------+-------------mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 subtypes are circulating in the human population of Europe [4,5] . The same subtypes were isolated from swine in Germany [6,7] . Interspecies transmission of infl uenza A viruses is a rare event.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to direct transmission of avian infl uenza A viruses to human, swine possessing the receptors for both human and avian infl uenza viruses in their trachea are discussed as a mixing vessel for genetic reassortants with the potential for emergence of novel human viruses [3] . There are examples demonstrating that avian and human viruses were transmitted to pigs where they were reassorted prior to re-transmission to humans [6][7][8][9][10][11] . Transmission to humans of European human-like porcine strains with 6 internal genes of avian origin was proven [9,12,13] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amantadine Resistance among Porcine H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 Influenza A Viruses Isolated in Germany between 1981 and 2001

et al. 2006

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This study was designed to gain insight into amantadine susceptibility of porcine influenza A viruses isolated in Germany between 1981 and 2001. The 12 studied H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 porcine influenza virus strains were isolated in chicken eggs and passaged once in MDCK cells. Plaque reduction assays were applied to examine virus susceptibility to amantadine. Genotyping was used to confirm drug resistance. In the results of these antiviral studies, only 3 of the 12 isolates were shown to be amantadine-susceptible. All resistant strains contained the AA substitutions G16E, S31N, and R77Q in the membrane protein 2 (M2). Additionally, L27A was detected in two H1N1 strains. S31N and/or L27A are well-known amino acid substitutions in M2 that confer amantadine resistance. The role of the pig as an intermediate host of avian and human influenza A viruses, the possible involvement of genetic reassortment, and the high incidence of naturally amantadine-resistant porcine influenza A viruses suggest a real risk of emergence of amantadine resistant human viruses. Therefore, drug susceptibility monitoring appears to be warranted for effective application of those drugs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A/swine ------------------+-------------------+-------------mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amantadine Resistance among Porcine H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 Influenza A Viruses Isolated in Germany between 1981 and 2001

et al. 2006

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Prevalence of antibodies to swine influenza viruses in humans with occupational exposure to pigs, Thuringia, Germany, 2008–2009

Krumbholz

Lange

Dürrwald

et al. 2010

Journal of Medical Virology

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The Eurasian lineages of swine influenza viruses are different genetically from classical swine H1N1 influenza viruses and comprise avian-like H1N1 and human-like H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes. Although sporadic isolation of such viruses from human specimens has been reported, the prevalence of human infections is not known. In the present study, the seroprevalence against Eurasian swine influenza viruses was investigated. Sera were collected in Thuringia, Germany, from December 2007 to April 2009. The study group comprised 118 professionals with occupational exposure to pigs (50 pig slaughterers/meat inspectors, 46 pig farmers, 22 veterinarians caring for pig herds). The control group included 118 age- and gender-matched blood donors from Thuringia. As a result, 18 sera of the study group were identified with raised hemagglutination-inhibition titers against a panel of nine swine influenza viruses (three strains/ subtype). For 17/18 sera this finding was confirmed in the neutralization assay. For 11/18 sera the raise of titers was significant, that is, a fourfold increase of hemagglutination-inhibition titers was observed. No gender-specific bias of the high titer sera was observed. Twelve sera of the control group showed increased hemagglutination-inhibition titers against swine influenza viruses. Hemagglutination-inhibition titers of 2/12 control sera were raised fourfold but did not exhibit a significant increase of neutralization titers. All increased hemagglutination-inhibition titers of the control group may be explained by cross-reactivity with seasonal influenza virus strains, as all these sera also reacted with human strains.

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Genetics, Evolution, and the Zoonotic Capacity of European Swine Influenza Viruses

2012

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The European swine influenza virus lineage differs genetically from the classical swine influenza viruses and the triple reassortants found in North America and Asia. The avian-like swine H1N1 viruses emerged in 1979 after an avian-to-swine transmission and spread to all major European pig-producing countries. Reassortment of these viruses with seasonal H3N2 viruses led to human-like swine H3N2 viruses which appeared in 1984. Finally, human-like swine H1N2 viruses emerged in 1994. These are triple reassortants comprising genes of avian-like H1N1, seasonal H1N1, and seasonal H3N2 viruses. All three subtypes established persistent infection chains and became prevalent in the European pig population. They successively replaced the circulating classical swine H1N1 viruses of that time and gave rise to a number of reassortant viruses including the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. All three European lineages have the capacity to infect humans but zoonotic infections are benign.

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Molecular Epidemiology of Porcine H3N2 Influenza A Viruses Isolated in Germany between 1982 and 2001

Cited by 20 publications

References 28 publications

Amantadine Resistance among Porcine H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 Influenza A Viruses Isolated in Germany between 1981 and 2001

Amantadine Resistance among Porcine H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 Influenza A Viruses Isolated in Germany between 1981 and 2001

Prevalence of antibodies to swine influenza viruses in humans with occupational exposure to pigs, Thuringia, Germany, 2008–2009

Genetics, Evolution, and the Zoonotic Capacity of European Swine Influenza Viruses

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