Molecular Epidemiology of Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae

Faruque, Shah M.; Nair, G. Balakrish; Takeda, Yoshifumi

doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-265-0_7

Cited by 224 publications

(301 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The tcpA gene encodes the major subunit of the toxin co-regulated pilus (TCP), the receptor for lysogenic bacteriophage (CTXΦ) carrying cholera toxin genes. 1,36 In other countries, virulence genes, including tcpA, have been found in V. cholerae non-O1/O139 from the environment, notably in cholera-endemic areas. 37,38 Although initial PCR results suggested these strains carried El Tor and classical tcpA alleles, sequence determination of the tcpA gene and phylogenetic analysis showed that the alleles were related to (but different from) the prototypical alleles (Supplemental Figure S2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water contaminated with toxigenic V. cholerae is considered the primary source of the causative agent of cholera, which can spread rapidly in poverty-stricken areas with poor sanitation and limited access to safe drinking water. 1 Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, and it is estimated that in 2011 only 64% of the population had access to improved drinking water sources and 26% had access to improved sanitation. 2 However, epidemic cholera had not been diagnosed in Haiti until the onset of the outbreak in October 2010.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Surveillance for Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Surface Waters of Haiti

Kahler¹,

Haley²,

Chen³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Epidemic cholera was reported in Haiti in 2010, with no information available on the occurrence or geographic distribution of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Haitian waters. In a series of field visits conducted in Haiti between 2011 and 2013, water and plankton samples were collected at 19 sites. Vibrio cholerae was detected using culture, polymerase chain reaction, and direct viable count methods (DFA-DVC). Cholera toxin genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction in broth enrichments of samples collected in all visits except March 2012. Toxigenic V. cholerae was isolated from river water in 2011 and 2013. Whole genome sequencing revealed that these isolates were a match to the outbreak strain. The DFA-DVC tests were positive for V. cholerae O1 in plankton samples collected from multiple sites. Results of this survey show that toxigenic V. cholerae could be recovered from surface waters in Haiti more than 2 years after the onset of the epidemic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Surveillance for Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Surface Waters of Haiti

Kahler¹,

Haley²,

Chen³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Other virulence factors involved in the pathogenecity of V. cholerae include tcp, ompU, and toxR genes (6). OmpU is the most significant outer membrane protein; it can adhere to intestinal epithelium, allowing the bacteria to colonize (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile and Rapid Detection of Vibrio cholerae by Multiplex PCR Based on ompU, ctxA, and toxR Genes

Alishahi

Fooladi

Mehrabadi

et al. 2013

Jundishapur J Microbiol

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Background: Several epidemic and endemic cases have been reported involving Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) as a causative organism in serious diarrheal diseases with high mortality. Hence, quick identification of this microorganism is critical for health care communities. Objectives: This investigation suggests an accurate, sensitive and rapid test to detect toxigenic and pathogenic species of V. cholerae simultaneously. Materials and methods:The standard bacteriological tests were utilized to isolate V. cholerae from the clinical samples. A multiplex PCR assay was carried out with three separate primers designed for ctxA, toxR and ompU genes, which play basic roles in toxigenicity and pathogenicity. To investigate the specificity of the designed primers, the amplification statuses of Salmonella typhi (S. typhi), Shigella dysenteriae (S. dysenteriae) and Escherichia coli O157:H7, as common intestinal pathogens, were evaluated. In addition, different concentrations of V. cholerae genome were used for determining the test sensitivity. Results: From the total of collected stool samples, 72 V. cholerae isolates were found and separated from the patients. All of them carried toxR and ompU genes, but ctxA gene was detected in only 61 isolates. The specificity and sensitivity of this test was 100%. Conclusions: Obtained data demonstrated that the designed assay is an accurate, easy, rapid, and cost-effective tool for detecting V. cholerae that can serve as an alternate to current bacteriological tests.

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“…Some V. cholerae virulence factors are well characterized, such as cholera toxin and toxin coregulated pilus (1). The contributions of other virulence factors to V. cholerae pathogenesis are beginning to be elucidated (2,3), and one putative accessory virulence factor is the type VI secretion system (T6SS).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo actin cross-linking induced by Vibrio cholerae type VI secretion system is associated with intestinal inflammation

Mekalanos

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

192

168

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Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) have recently been recognized as potential virulence determinants of many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Although mechanistic studies are lacking, T6SS-dependent phenotypes can be observed in various animal models of infection. Presumably translocation of T6SS effectors into target cells is involved in virulence, but few such effectors have been identified. A hallmark of T6SS function is the in vitro secretion of Hcp and VgrG proteins, which are thought to form part of an extracellular secretion apparatus. One well-characterized effector domain is the C-terminal actin cross-linking domain (ACD) of the VgrG-1 protein, constitutively secreted by the T6SS of Vibrio cholerae strain V52. Previous work indicated that translocation of VgrG-1 occurred only after endocytic uptake of bacteria into host cells. VgrG-1-induced actin cross-linking impaired phagocytic activity of host cells, eventually causing cell death. To determine whether V. cholerae T6SS is functional during animal infection, derivatives of V52 were used to infect infant mice. In this infection model a diarrheal response occurred, and actin cross-linking could be detected. These host responses were dependent on a functional T6SS and on the ACD of VgrG-1. Gene expression and histologic studies showed innate immune activation and immune cell infiltration in the intestinal lumen. The T6SS-dependent inflammatory response was also associated with increased recovery of V. cholerae from the intestine. We conclude that the T6SS of V52 induces an inflammatory diarrhea that facilitates replication of V. cholerae within the intestine.innate immunity | VgrG | virulence effector | ACD | MARTX

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Molecular Epidemiology of Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae

Cited by 224 publications

References 53 publications

Environmental Surveillance for Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Surface Waters of Haiti

Environmental Surveillance for Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Surface Waters of Haiti

Facile and Rapid Detection of Vibrio cholerae by Multiplex PCR Based on ompU, ctxA, and toxR Genes

In vivo actin cross-linking induced by Vibrio cholerae type VI secretion system is associated with intestinal inflammation

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