Molecular evidence for a bacterium of the family Midichloriaceae (order Rickettsiales) in skin and organs of the rainbow trout <i><scp>O</scp>ncorhynchus mykiss</i> (Walbaum) affected by red mark syndrome

Cafiso, Alessandra; Sassera, Davide; Serra, Valentina; Bandi, Claudio; McCarthy, Una; Bazzocchi, Chiara

doi:10.1111/jfd.12371

Cited by 31 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…), and more recently in RMS trout farmed in Scotland, Midichloria ‐like organisms (MLO) have been detected by PCR (Cafiso et al . ). Recent phylogenetic studies described a new clade–family within Rickettsiales (Alphaproteobacteria), named Midichloriaceae, comprising several bacterial symbionts and the bacteria Midichloria mitochondri, a symbiont of the hard tick Ixodes ricinus (Sassera et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Recently, the positivity for Midichloria ‐like organism (MLO)‐related DNA in trout affected by RMS in Scotland has been described (Cafiso et al . ). In spite of these investigations identifying RLO/MLO‐related DNA in tissues of RMS and US SD‐affected individuals, these pathogens have never been observed in histological and ultrastructural samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Ultrastructural and biomolecular detection of Rickettsiales‐like organisms in tissues of rainbow trout with Red Mark Syndrome

Galeotti

Manzano

Beraldo

et al. 2016

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Red mark syndrome (RMS) and US strawberry disease (US SD) are skin disorders affecting rainbow trout farmed in Europe and USA. The disease etiology has not yet been established. In spite of specific investigations, identifying Rickettsia-like organism (RLO)- and Midichloria-like organism (MLO)-related DNA in affected individuals, these pathogens have never been observed. We performed histological, ultrastructural and biomolecular analysis on skin and spleen samples of trout with RMS. Examination by TEM revealed the presence of intracytoplasmic microorganisms resembling Rickettsiales within macrophages, fibroblasts and erythrocytes. The microorganisms were oval or short rod shaped (400-800 nm in length and 100-200 nm in width) and often showed a cell wall similar to Gram-negative bacteria. PCR analysis for Rickettsiales supported these findings: 53% of affected trout were positive by both PCR and TEM The primers RiFCfw-RiFCrev were used to anneal both the RLO 16S DNA sequence and the MLO 16S DNA sequence. For this reason, and in agreement with previous studies confirming the presence of Rickettsiales-related DNA in trout with RMS, we assume that TEM detected microorganisms morphologically consistent with bacteria belonging to Rickettsiales order and could be considered as possible causative agents of RMS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Ultrastructural and biomolecular detection of Rickettsiales‐like organisms in tissues of rainbow trout with Red Mark Syndrome

Galeotti

Manzano

Beraldo

et al. 2016

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…In most cases, skin lesions heal spontaneously with no effect on body condition or behaviour (Cafiso et al, ; Ferguson et al, ). However, in fish farming industry, this disease can cause great economic losses due to the downgrading of the product (Cafiso et al, ; Oidtmann et al, ). The aetiology of RMS has not yet been indisputably elucidated although in recent research Rickettsia ‐like organisms (RLO), intracellular pathogens, were found in the lesions (Galeotti, Manzano, et al, ; Metselaar et al, ).…”

Section: Attributes Of Red Mark Syndrome (Rms) In Rainbow Trout As Dementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aetiology of RMS has not yet been indisputably elucidated although in recent research Rickettsia ‐like organisms (RLO), intracellular pathogens, were found in the lesions (Galeotti, Manzano, et al, ; Metselaar et al, ). Cafiso et al () provided molecular evidence for the involvement of Midichloriaceae (order Rickettsiales, Montagna et al, ). Due to their intracellular nature, RLO are difficult to isolate on artificial media explaining the difficulties to pinpoint their involvement in RMS‐lesion development (Cvitanich, Garate, & Smith, ; Makrinos & Bowden, ).…”

Section: Attributes Of Red Mark Syndrome (Rms) In Rainbow Trout As Dementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rickettsia ‐like organisms, the presumed causative agent of RMS in rainbow trout, were isolated in various marine host species such as oysters (Sun & Wu, ), juvenile sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) (Comps, Raymond, & Plassiart, ) and grouper ( Epinephelus melanostigma ) (Chen, Wang, Tung, Thompson, & Adams, ). Midichloriaceae , which were opted by Cafiso et al () as a possible causative agent, are also known to be able to infect a wide range of hosts, from ciliate protists to marine organisms (Cafiso et al, ). Therefore, in both cases, an infection of a marine host by RLO or Midichloriaceae is plausible.…”

Section: Attributes Of Red Mark Syndrome (Rms) In Rainbow Trout As Dementioning

confidence: 99%

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First report of lesions resembling red mark syndrome observed in wild‐caught common dab (Limanda limanda)

Vercauteren

Decostere

Chiers

2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Transmission of Members of the “Candidatus Midichloriaceae” Family to Vertebrates and Possible Involvement in Disease Pathogenesis

et al. 2016

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“Candidatus Midichloriaceae” (order Rickettsiales) is a family that encompasses obligate intracellular bacteria present in a wide range of hosts, from parasitic arthropods (ticks, fleas, bedbugs) to aquatic animals (e.g. sponges and corals) and protists, including pathogenic amoebae (genus Acanthamoeba). In addition, multiple studies have detected evidence of the presence of “Candidatus Midichloriaceae” in vertebrates, suggesting a capacity to cause infections, with possible pathogenic effects. Two members of the family that are described as symbionts of ticks, i.e. “Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii” and “Candidatus Lariskella arthropodarum” have also been found in the blood of humans and other mammals, using molecular and serological methods. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that these arthropods could transmit the microorganisms during the blood meal, as is known to happen with pathogenic members of the order Rickettsiales; for example, ticks can be vectors of rickettsiosis or ehrlichiosis. Indeed, clinical cases compatible with these pathologies in humans or animals parasitized by ticks, but characterized by the absence of antibody titers for known pathogenic rickettsiae, could be reinvestigated for the presence of “Candidatus Midichloriaceae”. A third member of the family, a “Candidatus Midichloria”-related organism, has repeatedly been found in association with red mark syndrome in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Although the etiology of this economically relevant disease is currently unknown, multiple independent studies suggest that this member of “Candidatus Midichloriaceae” is the most probable causative agent

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Molecular evidence for a bacterium of the family Midichloriaceae (order Rickettsiales) in skin and organs of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) affected by red mark syndrome

Cited by 31 publications

References 11 publications

Ultrastructural and biomolecular detection of Rickettsiales‐like organisms in tissues of rainbow trout with Red Mark Syndrome

Ultrastructural and biomolecular detection of Rickettsiales‐like organisms in tissues of rainbow trout with Red Mark Syndrome

First report of lesions resembling red mark syndrome observed in wild‐caught common dab (Limanda limanda)

Transmission of Members of the “Candidatus Midichloriaceae” Family to Vertebrates and Possible Involvement in Disease Pathogenesis

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