Molecular Evolution of Hemagglutinin (H) Gene in Measles Virus Genotypes D3, D5, D9, and H1

Saitoh, Masaaki; Takeda, Makoto; Gotoh, K; Takeuchi, Fumihiko; Sekizuka, Tsuyoshi; Kuroda, Makoto; Mizuta, Katsumi; Ryo, Akihide; Tanaka, Ryota; Ishii, Haruyuki; Takada, Hayato; Kozawa, Kunihisa; Yoshida, Ayako; Noda, Masahiro; Okabe, Nobuhiko; Kimura, Hirokazu

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050660

Cited by 13 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Analysis of a limited number of Chinese N gene sequences led to TMCRA estimation for genotype H1 of around 1975 (Wei et al, 2012). Previous studies also confirmed that the most reliable estimates of TMRCA are provided by analysis of the H gene, with N sequences giving comparable estimates (Pomeroy et al, 2008;Saitoh et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Evolutionary genetics of genotype H1 measles viruses in China from 1993 to 2012

Yan

Rivailler

et al. 2014

Journal of General Virology

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Virologic surveillance is a critical component of measles management. One of the criteria for verification of elimination of endemic measles is genetic analysis of wild-type viruses to demonstrate lack of an indigenous genotype. Measles is yet to be eliminated in China, and genotype H1 has been detected continuously since virologic surveillance was initiated in 1993. Virologic surveillance has been very active in China, providing a unique opportunity to conduct a detailed study of the evolution of a single, endemic genotype over a timespan of nearly two decades. Phylogenetic analysis performed on the 450 nt coding sequence for the C-terminal 150 amino acids of the nucleoprotein (N-450), fusion (F) gene and haemagglutinin (H) gene confirmed the continued circulation of genotype H1 viruses for 19 years. No evidence of selective pressure for the H protein was found. The substitution rates ranged from 0.75×10−3 substitutions site−1 year−1 for H to 1.65×10−3 substitutions site−1 year−1 for N-450. The time of most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for genotype H1 was estimated as approximately 1985 (95 % highest probability density, 1979–1989). Finally, the overall diversity of measles sequences from China decreased from 2005 to 2012, coincident with a substantial decrease in measles cases. The results suggest that detailed evolutionary analyses should facilitate the documentation of eventual measles elimination in China. Moreover, the molecular approaches used in this study can be applied in other countries approaching measles elimination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Evolutionary genetics of genotype H1 measles viruses in China from 1993 to 2012

Yan

Rivailler

et al. 2014

Journal of General Virology

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“…These changes are strongly linked to re-infections 21 . On the other hand, our previous report suggested that minor antigenic changes in the H protein are found in some MeV genotypes, such as D3, D5, D9, and H1 22 . However, it is not known if these changes occur in other genotypes of MeV H protein.…”

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confidence: 76%

Molecular evolution of haemagglutinin (H) gene in measles virus

Kimura

Saitoh

Kobayashi

et al. 2015

Sci Rep

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We studied the molecular evolution of the haemagglutinin (H) gene (full length) in all genotypes (24 genotypes, 297 strains) of measles virus (MeV). The gene’s evolutionary timescale was estimated by the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. We also analysed positive selection sites. The MCMC tree indicated that the MeV H gene diverged from the rinderpest virus (same genus) about 250 years ago and that 24 MeV genotypes formed 3 lineages dating back to a 1915 ancestor (95% highest posterior density [HPD] 1882–1941) with relatively rapid evolution (mean rate: 9.02 × 10−4 substitutions/site/year). The 3 lineages diverged in 1915 (lineage 1, 95% HPD 1882–1941), 1954 (lineage 2, 95% HPD 1937–1969), and 1940 (lineage 3, 95% HPD 1927–1952). These 24 genotypes may have diverged and emerged between the 1940s and 1990s. Selective pressure analysis identified many negative selection sites on the H protein but only a few positive selection sites, suggesting strongly operated structural and/or functional constraint of changes on the H protein. Based on the molecular evolution of H gene, an ancestor MeV of the 24 genotypes emerged about 100 years ago and the structure of H protein has been well conserved.

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“…To reduce the number of patients with measles, an additional MR catch-up campaign was started for teenagers at the age of 13 and 18 years (MR III and IV) from 2008 for a 5-year schedule. After 2008, all cases with measles had to be registered, and the number of patients with measles was reduced to 457 cases in 2010 (3.58 cases per million), with some imported genotypes [ 23 ]. In 2011, measles was introduced from the EU by a journalist who was collecting the news of the earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear power disaster, and a total of 442 patients with measles were finally reported [ 24 ].…”

Section: Measles and Rubella Eliminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine chronicle in Japan

Nakayama¹

2013

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy

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The concept of immunization was started in Japan in 1849 when Jenner’s cowpox vaccine seed was introduced, and the current immunization law was stipulated in 1948. There have been two turning points for amendments to the immunization law: the compensation remedy for vaccine-associated adverse events in 1976, and the concept of private vaccination in 1994. In 1992, the regional Court of Tokyo, not the Supreme Court, decided the governmental responsibility on vaccine-associated adverse events, which caused the stagnation of vaccine development. In 2010, many universal vaccines became available as the recommended vaccines, but several vaccines, including mumps, zoster, hepatitis B, and rota vaccines, are still voluntary vaccines, not universal routine applications. In this report, immunization strategies and vaccine development are reviewed for each vaccine item and future vaccine concerns are discussed.

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Molecular Evolution of Hemagglutinin (H) Gene in Measles Virus Genotypes D3, D5, D9, and H1

Cited by 13 publications

References 16 publications

Evolutionary genetics of genotype H1 measles viruses in China from 1993 to 2012

Evolutionary genetics of genotype H1 measles viruses in China from 1993 to 2012

Molecular evolution of haemagglutinin (H) gene in measles virus

Vaccine chronicle in Japan

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