Molecular Fingerprints to IdentifyCandidaSpecies

Abstract

A wide range of molecular techniques have been developed for genotyping Candida species. Among them, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and microsatellite length polymorphisms (MLP) analysis have recently emerged. MLST relies on DNA sequences of internal regions of various independent housekeeping genes, while MLP identifies microsatellite instability. Both methods generate unambiguous and highly reproducible data. Here, we review the results achieved by using these two techniques and also provide a brief overview of a new method based on high-resolution DNA melting (HRM). This method identifies sequence differences by subtle deviations in sample melting profiles in the presence of saturating fluorescent DNA binding dyes.

Posttreatment Antifungal Resistance among Colonizing Candida Isolates in Candidemia Patients: Results from a Systematic Multicenter Study

“…In addition, the MIC data for paired blood and oral isolates mirrored those for the overall isolate collection for both C. albicans and C. glabrata. The stronger genetic association between C. glabrata isolates from blood and oral isolates provided more support for the assumption of C. glabrata as a highly persistent colonizer, but this could potentially be ascribed to a less discriminatory MLST scheme (34,41). In contrast to the findings for C. albicans, where most isolates had unique genotypes, identical genotypes were found for C. glabrata isolates, despite no geographical or historical link, but again, this can probably be ascribed to the low discriminatory power rather than to clonal expansion (41,42).…”

“…This could be explained partly by the high protein binding affinity of echinocandins and the associated lower drug concentrations at the mucosal surfaces. Another hypothesis for a lower positive rate for echinocandintreated patients is that C. glabrata is potentially a more persistent colonizer (34). Indeed, the dominating species was C. glabrata in swabs from both azole-and echinocandin-treated patients, despite the different initial species distributions in blood.…”

Polybenzimidazole-Triphenylphosphene-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis and Evaluation of Dihydropyridine Derivative as Antibiotics and Antifungals

“…Regarding the antibacterial activity of the compounds‐5c, 5 g, 5j and 5p were exposed weak growth inhibitory against the tested Gram‐negative bacteria. Finally, we consider the following assumptions about the structural activity relationships with antimicrobial activity: (1) the compounds having electron rich groups such as methylthio, methyl, and hydroxyl at present para position and electron poor groups like chloro, bromo, and nitro groups at meta position to the pyridine ring, exhibited higher antibacterial activity, (2) generally sulphur presents compounds has more antimicrobial activity than the five member ring contains sulphur (3) The tested compounds were higher active against Gram‐positive than Gram‐negative bacteria, it may be related to cell wall membrane structure of the bacteria, i. e., inhibitors of D‐Glucan synthase . The mechanism of antimicrobial activity was presented for prepared compounds in Figure .…”

“…Finally, we consider the following assumptions about the structural activity relationships with antimicrobial activity: (1) the compounds having electron rich groups such as methylthio, methyl, and hydroxyl at present para position and electron poor groups like chloro, bromo, and nitro groups at meta position to the pyridine ring, exhibited higher antibacterial activity, (2) generally sulphur presents compounds has more antimicrobial activity than the five member ring contains sulphur (3) The tested compounds were higher active against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria, it may be related to cell wall membrane structure of the bacteria, i. e., inhibitors of D-Glucan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 synthase. [70] The mechanism of antimicrobial activity was presented for prepared compounds in…”

Cysteine‐Rich Antifungal Proteins from Filamentous Fungi are Promising Bioactive Natural Compounds in Anti‐Candida Therapy

“…Rational design and appropriate formulations might overcome these limitations. Considering the increasing number of antifungal drug‐resistant Candida strains and the fact that Candida species mainly affect the skin or mucosa posing a risk to become fatal invasive infections in immunocompromised patients the administration of crAFPs or peptide derivatives could be more promising than treatment with a conventional drug . The crAFPs could also be considered as substances in combination drug products to facilitate the antifungal effect of already applied compounds .…”