Molecular Frontiers in Melanoma: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Advances

Abstract

Melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer, is characterized by rapid progression and high mortality. Recent advances in molecular pathogenesis have shed light on genetic and epigenetic changes that drive melanoma development. This review provides an overview of these developments, focusing on molecular mechanisms in melanoma genesis. It highlights how mutations, particularly in the BRAF, NRAS, c-KIT, and GNAQ/GNA11 genes, affect critical signaling pathways. The evolution of diagnostic techniques, such as genomics, transcriptomics, liquid biopsies, and molecular biomarkers for early detection and prognosis, is also discussed. The therapeutic landscape has transformed with targeted therapies and immunotherapies, improving patient outcomes. This paper examines the efficacy, challenges, and prospects of these treatments, including recent clinical trials and emerging strategies. The potential of novel treatment strategies, including neoantigen vaccines, adoptive cell transfer, microbiome interactions, and nanoparticle-based combination therapy, is explored. These advances emphasize the challenges of therapy resistance and the importance of personalized medicine. This review underlines the necessity for evidence-based therapy selection in managing the increasing global incidence of melanoma.

α-Chitosan and β-Oligochitosan Mixtures-Based Formula for In Vitro Assessment of Melanocyte Cells Response

“…Melanoma is one of the cancers with increasing incidence worldwide [ 1 ]. The mechanisms that induce phenotypic plasticity of tumor cells [ 2 , 3 ], as well as the methods of therapy [ 1 , 4 , 5 ], are topics of great interest. Chemotherapy is less effective in this type of cancer [ 6 ], and resistance to therapy is a frequent issue.…”

“…Therefore, alternative options are being sought to improve therapeutic outcomes and patient survival rates [ 5 , 7 , 8 ]. Using molecules of polymeric nature [ 1 , 4 ] or nanoparticles [ 1 , 5 , 9 ] targeting cancer cells or different intracellular components is a promising alternative.…”

“…Melanoma is one of the cancers with increasing incidence worldwide [1]. The mechanisms that induce phenotypic plasticity of tumor cells [2,3], as well as the methods of therapy [1,4,5], are topics of great interest.…”