Molecular Genetic Tests Genexpert MTB / Rif and Xpert MTB / Rif (Ultra) in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis (Review of Literature)

Abstract

In recent tuberculosis years is the main cause of morbidity and death among patients with HIV infection. Modern diagnostics of tuberculosis includes mass screening of the population: digital fluorography from the age of 15 and immunodiagnostics in children and adolescents. Detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis by microscopy occurs in forms of tuberculosis with the decay of lung tissue. Such patients represent a high epidemic risk. To improve the verification of diagnosis in the practice of a phthisiologist, molecular genetic methods for the search for mycobacteria are increasingly used, based on the identification of specific fragments of the DNA chain in the diagnostic material. The most widely used method is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is based on directed DNA amplification. The latest innovation is fully automated systems using cartridge technology GeneXpert. The advantages of GeneXpert are high sensitivity, speed (result in 2 hours), real-time PCR detection, exclusion of sample contamination. The technique of cartridge technology is constantly being improved, various cartridges are used on its platform, which not only detect M. tuberculosis, but also determine the sensitivity to anti-tuberculosis drugs - rifampicin (MTB / RIF cartridge) or several anti-TB drugs (MTB / XDR). Cartridges have been developed that are able to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) at an even lower concentration in the test material - MTB / RIF (Ultra). GeneXpert technology can be used to diagnose extrapulmonary tuberculosis by examining various biological materials, which are more effective in detecting tuberculosis in children and adolescents, in HIV-positive individuals.

Research progress on gel-based nanocomposites for diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases

“…However, with the advancement of molecular biology techniques, molecular diagnosis, especially Xpert MTB/Rif assay, has gained more and more attention due to its high sensitivity, specificity, simplicity, and rapidity. 52 Chemotherapy plays a crucial role in the management of tuberculosis, serving as both a powerful treatment approach and an essential component of disease prevention and control. However, in recent years, the incidence and mortality rates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis have been increasing.…”

Whole genome sequencing for tuberculosis disease species identification, lineage determination, and drug resistance detection in Kashgar prefecture, China

“…Unfortunately, the above information remains ambiguous due to the insu cient species diagnosis accuracy of conventional Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) smear microscopy [3], and high cost of phenotypic drug susceptibility testing [4]. Molecular platforms such as Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra have delivered the capacity to con rm the presence of Mtb and to predict most resistance to rifampin from primary clinical samples in settings that had previously relied on smear microscopy only [4,5] Nevertheless, as such targeted molecular assays are vulnerable to off-target emerging mutations and provide limited information on susceptibility to other drugs or identi cation of other strains, treatment for many patients remains semiempirical, with an increased risk of treatment failure and ampli cation of resistance to more drugs [6].…”