Molecular identification and distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia duodenalis in raw urban wastewater in Harbin, China

Liu, Aiqin; Ji, Hong; Wang, Ensheng; Liu, Jingbo; Xiao, Lihua; Shen, Yujuan; Li, Yihong; Zhang, Weizhe; Ling, Hong

doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2333-4

Cited by 37 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Similar results were obtained by other authors, who reported that the predominant species/assemblages of Cryptosporidium and Giardia found in raw wastewater in China belonged to C. hominis, C. andersoni and/or Giardia assemblages A and B Liu et al, 2011). However, C. andersoni, C. bovis and C. suis and Giardia assemblages A and E were the dominant species/assemblages in mainstream of the Yangtze River and backwater areas of tributaries in the TGR, as they were found in 90% (9/ 10) of the Cryptosporidium positive samples and 100% (7/7) of the Giardia positive samples detected by PCR (Table 5).…”

supporting

confidence: 93%

Occurrence and potential health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Xiao

Qiu

et al. 2013

Water Research

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supporting

confidence: 93%

Occurrence and potential health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Xiao

Qiu

et al. 2013

Water Research

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“…C. andersoni is also one of the main Cryptosporidium species found in contaminated water such as the Potomac River in the United States [41], the Huangpu River in Shanghai [42], and in the urban wastewater plants in Harbin [43]. It is reasonable to suggest that C. andersoni infected humans could shed C. andersoni oocysts into urban wastewater, thus further contaminating water supplies and resulting in anthroponotic transmission of C. andersoni .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium andersoni as a novel predominant Cryptosporidium species in outpatients with diarrhea in Jiangsu Province, China

Jiang

Ren²,

Yuan

et al. 2014

BMC Infect Dis

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BackgroundCryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum are usually considered to be the major pathogens responsible for human cryptosporidiosis. However, there have been few studies regarding the molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in human infections in China. Here we investigated Cryptosporidium infection in patients with diarrhea, in Danyang Hospital of Jiangsu Province, China, at the genotype level.MethodsA total of 232 stool specimens were collected from outpatients with diarrhea in Danyang Hospital of Jiangsu Province, China, from February 2012 to January 2013. Each specimen was stained from direct fecal smears and examined for Cryptosporidium using modified acid fast staining and microscopy. Moreover, genomic DNA of each fecal sample was screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium with nested PCR, which was genotyped by analyzing the DNA sequences of small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA).ResultsThe average infection rate of Cryptosporidium was 1.3% (3/232) by microscopy and subjected to PCR amplification of the SSU rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium, with 9.91% (23/232) being positive for Cryptosporidium with a significant peak in autumn. Based on the SSU rRNA gene, two Cryptosporidium spp. were identified, including C. andersoni (n =21) and C. hominis (n =2). Two types of C. andersoni, designated as A370+ and A370- , were found in the SSU rRNA gene in our present study, which was 100% homologous to C. andersoni infections derived from dairy calves and goats, respectively. The clinical questionnaires showed no significant difference in age, gender and frequency of diarrhea, but duration of diarrhea was shorter for C. andersoni than that of C. hominis (mean, 2 vs. 4 days; p <0.01).ConclusionsC. andersoni is the dominant species in Danyang City of Jiangsu Province. The fact that SSU rRNA sequences of C. andersoni obtained from human stools exhibited 100% homologous to those derived from dairy calves and goats supported that C. andersoni infection might be attributable to animal origin. The difference in the duration of diarrhea of C. andersoni and C. hominis indicated that different Cryptosporidium species might cause different clinical manifestations.

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“…In China, one study characterized Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi in raw wastewater samples from four cities using PCR-sequencing tools (5), whereas another genotyped and subtyped Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in wastewater samples in another city using the same approach (6). The results of the two studies suggest that wastewater may contribute to environmental contamination of waterborne pathogens.…”

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confidence: 88%

Environmental Transport of Emerging Human-Pathogenic Cryptosporidium Species and Subtypes through Combined Sewer Overflow and Wastewater

Huang

Wang

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The environmental transport of Cryptosporidium spp. through combined sewer overflow (CSO) and the occurrence of several emerging human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species in developing countries remain unclear. In this study, we collected 40 CSO samples and 40 raw wastewater samples from Shanghai, China, and examined them by PCR and DNA sequencing for Cryptosporidium species (targeting the small subunit rRNA gene) and Giardia duodenalis (targeting the triosephosphate isomerase, ␤-giardin, and glutamate dehydrogenase genes) and Enterocytozoon bieneusi (targeting the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer) genotypes. Human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species were further subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene, with additional multilocus sequence typing on the emerging zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium ubiquitum. Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi were detected in 12 and 15, 33 and 32, and 37 and 40 CSO and wastewater samples, respectively, including 10 Cryptosporidium species, 3 G. duodenalis assemblages, and 8 E. bieneusi genotypes. In addition to Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum, two new pathogens identified in industrialized nations, C. ubiquitum and Cryptosporidium viatorum, were frequently detected. The two novel C. ubiquitum subtype families identified appeared to be genetic recombinants of known subtype families. Similarly, the dominant group 1 E. bieneusi genotypes and G. duodenalis subassemblage AII are known human pathogens. The similar distribution of human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species and E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis genotypes between wastewater and CSO samples reaffirms that storm overflow is potentially a significant contamination source of pathogens in surface water. The frequent identification of C. ubiquitum and C. viatorum in urban wastewater suggests that these newly identified human pathogens may be endemic in China.IMPORTANCE Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are major waterborne pathogens. Their transport into surface water through combined sewer overflow, which remains largely untreated in developing countries, has not been examined. In addition, the identification of these pathogens to genotypes and subtypes in urban storm overflow and wastewater is necessary for rapid and accurate assessment of pathogen transmission in humans and transport in the environment. Data from this study suggest that, like untreated urban wastewater, combined sewer overflow is commonly contaminated with human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium, G.

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Molecular identification and distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia duodenalis in raw urban wastewater in Harbin, China

Cited by 37 publications

References 43 publications

Occurrence and potential health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Occurrence and potential health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Cryptosporidium andersoni as a novel predominant Cryptosporidium species in outpatients with diarrhea in Jiangsu Province, China

Environmental Transport of Emerging Human-Pathogenic Cryptosporidium Species and Subtypes through Combined Sewer Overflow and Wastewater

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