Molecular identification of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and associated risk factors for white spot disease (WSD) prevalence in shrimp (Penaeus monodon) aquaculture in Bangladesh

Viral Shrimp Diseases Listed by the OIE: A Review

“…In addition to VP28, VP37 is a viral envelope protein known to promote WSSV infection through binding to shrimp cells, resulting in virus binding to the hemocytes [ 26 ]. Furthermore, structural proteins of the virion envelope such as VP26, VP31, VP37, VP90, and VP136 interact with integrin receptors to stimulate the binding of viruses to the extracellular matrix (or intercellular adhesion) [ 13 , 27 ].…”

“…WSSV replicates rapidly in the host’s cells after infecting the host, and usually causes host death within one week [ 51 ]. WSSV frequency can be influenced by a variety of environmental stressors, such as temperature changes, salinity reductions, and pH fluctuations [ 27 ]. The transmission of WSSV disease can occur through the feeding of infected individuals, and horizontal transmission through the water-borne route has also been demonstrated.…”

“…WSSV diagnostic technology is evolving from the previous, morphology-based identification to more highly sensitive immunological and molecular technologies that can detect viruses, even in asymptomatic carriers, using electron microscopy (EM) [ 53 ]. Among various diagnostic methods, PCR is used as the most sensitive method by which to detect WSSV infection, by targeting the VP28 gene [ 27 ] ( Table 5 ). There are several PCR methods available for the diagnosis of WSSV, such as one-step PCR, nested-PCR, and real-time PCR [ 54 ].…”

“…Therefore, the pathogen can be easily detected using one-step PCR when clinical signs such as lethargy, reduced feeding and white spots on the exoskeleton appear, but can only be detected by nested-PCR when asymptomatic [ 55 ]. In addition, real-time PCR is a reliable technique by which to monitor the entire analysis in actual time through the detection and quantification of WSSV virion copy number [ 27 ]. Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) histology is an important diagnosis method that is used to verify WSSV infection in shrimp [ 56 ].…”

Combining Direct PCR Technology and Capillary Electrophoresis for an Easy-to-Operate and Highly Sensitive Infectious Disease Detection System for Shrimp

“…Since the IQ2000 TM WSSV detection system includes nucleic acid extraction and purification, it can accommodate more tissue samples, which has made it more advantageous in detection sensitivity [14,38,39]. However, the direct PCR-based CE platform has obvious time-saving advantages in the two stages of sample preparation and result analysis [40,41]. The detection time of one sample can be shortened by approximately 117 min (Table 3) while maintaining the same detection sensitivity, which is already sufficient for disease detection.…”