Molecular Imprinted Polymer Modified Electrochemical Sensors for Small Drug Analysis: Progress to Practical Application

Abstract

Molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) are tailor made from synthetic polymers and designed to mimic the recognition properties of natural biological affinity molecules. MIPs incorporate binding motifs complementary to target organic molecule shape and functional groups in order to mimic the complex binding surfaces of natural macromolecules. This confers selectivity and specificity, with the added advantage of artificial MIP polymer stability and ready adaptability to the fabrication and creation of miniaturised affinity interfaces for electrochemical sensing and extra‐laboratory testing. Their generic capability as robust sorbent phases for drug extraction and concentration allows for targeted, interfacial interrogation by the active electrochemical surface. A wide range of electrochemical sensing strategies has also been advanced in recent years, which is covered by this review. The review covers MIP functional principles, examples of MIP preparative routes and final assay outcomes for the measurement of small molecule drugs of biomedical, and also of potential environmental relevance. Some small molecules as examples of toxin and contaminant measurement are also given. A historic background to MIP development is provided, but the review mainly focuses on electrochemical sensor advances in the last five years.

Prospective RFID Sensors for the IoT Healthcare System

“…Another type of electrochemical sensing is the monitoring of cholesterol [52,53], which is based on the principle of a kind of grease on the membrane of animal cells. These sorts of sensors are fabricated using both SWCNTs and MWCNTs in combination with lysogels [54]. SWCNTs and MWCNTs integrated with sol-gels are used in the fabrication of these types of sensors [54].…”

“…These sorts of sensors are fabricated using both SWCNTs and MWCNTs in combination with lysogels [54]. SWCNTs and MWCNTs integrated with sol-gels are used in the fabrication of these types of sensors [54]. These techniques involve the immobilisation of a separate enzyme film, such as cholesterol esterase [55] and cholesterol oxidase [56], on the sensing surface.…”

Determination of Drugs in Clinical Trials: Current Status and Outlook

“…These cavities are similar to the profile of the original molecular structure, which can then be selectively detected and adsorbed [125]. Feroz, Momina, and Vadgama utilized MIPs to modify electrochemical biosensors and analyze small drugs [126]. Further, Nahhas and Webster used MIPs to improve a detection method for the SARS-CoV-2 virus [127].…”

Synthesis of a New Molecular Imprinted Polymer for Oxycodone Opioid and Its Formulation for Transdermal Controlled Drug Delivery Application: A Joint Experimental and Quantum Chemical Study

“…Thus, the polymer matrix is full of free receptor sites which could accept that drug for further applications. [8] Obviously, such precious matrix could be used as the stationary phase for the packing of chromatography columns, [9] sorbents, [10] nano sized actuators, [11] biosensors, [12] and also nano-sized drug release machines. [13] As mentioned above, in the recent years, MIP is reported to be used as a new drug delivery system (DDS).…”