Molecular insight into renal cancer and latest therapeutic approaches to tackle it: an updated review

Teaching an Old Drug a New Trick: Targeting Treatment Resistance in Genitourinary Cancers

“…Anti-angiogenic therapy improved the progression-free survival rates with lesser toxicities than the generalized cytokine immune therapy leading to the approval of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as Sorafenib, Sunitinib, pazopanib, and cabozantinib, axitinib, mTOR inhibitors such as temsirolimus and everolimus and an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody (bevacizumab) for the treatment of mRCC [ 3 , 24 , 28 ]. Immunotherapy has been approved for mRCC since 2015.…”

Renal cancer: signaling pathways and advances in targeted therapies

“…The global incidence of renal cancer continues to escalate, and it is one of the cancers associated with a higher risk of mortality. 2 Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the predominant histological type of renal cancer, accounting for approximately 90% of renal cancer cases. RCC is a heterogeneous urogenital system malignancy and one of the 10 most prevalent neoplasms worldwide, exhibiting the highest mortality rate among urogenital system cancers.…”

“…Recently, research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of RCC has primarily focused on signaling pathways such as von Hippel–Lindau ( VHL )/hypoxia‐inducible factor ( HIF ), phosphoinositide 3‐kinase ( PI3K )/protein kinase B ( AKT )/mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ), p53, cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ), and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β. 2 Studies have demonstrated that the pivotal molecular alteration in ccRCC is the mutation of the VHL gene, resulting in the constitutive expression of HIF , which subsequently activates multiple growth factor pathways, such as vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) and platelet‐derived growth factor ( PDGF ). 2 Moreover, genomic instability is also a hallmark of RCC.…”

“… 2 Studies have demonstrated that the pivotal molecular alteration in ccRCC is the mutation of the VHL gene, resulting in the constitutive expression of HIF , which subsequently activates multiple growth factor pathways, such as vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) and platelet‐derived growth factor ( PDGF ). 2 Moreover, genomic instability is also a hallmark of RCC. Genes such as SETD2 , PBRM1 , BAP1 , MTOR , and KDM5C are frequently mutated in RCC.…”

“…Genes such as SETD2 , PBRM1 , BAP1 , MTOR , and KDM5C are frequently mutated in RCC. 2 In addition to VHL pathway abnormalities, non‐ccRCC subtypes may also harbor mutations in other genes such as CDKN2A , PTEN , NRF2 , TP53 , TFE3 , TFEB , and SMARCB1 . 2 Renal cancer exhibits several distinctive features in its signaling pathways compared with other malignant neoplasms.…”