Molecular interactions and macroscopic properties of polyacrylonitrile and model substances

Henrici‐Olivé, G.; Olivé, S.

doi:10.1007/3-540-09442-3_6

Cited by 111 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Along the PAN backbone, the nitrile groups have intra-molecular repulsion interaction with each other, since the orientation is 'C to C' and 'N to N'. This results in a kinked conformation of the polymer backbone, with the nitrile groups facing outwards [25,26]. Contrary to this, strong intermolecular interactions from 'C to N' and 'N to C' nitrile orientation lead to the appearance of a physical network, which is somewhat weakened when hydrated due to nitrile-water hydrogen bonding [27].…”

Section: Membrane Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

High performance nitrile copolymers for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Kim¹,

Kim

Guiver³

et al. 2008

Journal of Membrane Science

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a b s t r a c tThis paper reports the fuel cells (DMFC and PEMFC) performance using sulfonated poly(arylene ether ether nitrile) (SPAEEN) copolymers containing sulfonic acid group arranged in structurally different ways. The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) fabricated from SPAEEN containing 60 mol% of angled naphthalenesulfonic acid group (m-SPAEEN-60) had superior performance over those derived from pendent naphthalenesulfonic acid group (p-SPAEEN) or sulfonated hydroquinone (HQ-SPAEEN) in H 2 /air and/or DMFC conditions. For example, the current density of the MEA using m-SPAEEN-60 at 0.5 V and 2.0 M methanol was 250 mA/cm 2 , whereas the current densities of the MEAs using p-SPAEEN-50 and HQ-SPAEEN-56 were 185 and 190 mA/cm 2 , respectively. In addition, compared with the sulfonated polysulfone (BPSH-35) and Nafion membranes, the copolymer containing nitrile group showed the improved cell performance. For example, the power density of the MEA using m-SPAEEN-60 at 250 mA/cm 2 and 2.0 M methanol was 125 mW/cm 2 , whereas the power densities of the MEAs using sulfonated polysulfone (BPSH-35) and Nafion were 115 and 113 mW/cm 2 , respectively. m-SPAEEN-60 showed stable cell performance during extended operation (>100 h).

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Section: Membrane Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

High performance nitrile copolymers for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Kim¹,

Kim

Guiver³

et al. 2008

Journal of Membrane Science

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“…this structure is supposed to be partly responsible for the lack of a clear melting point in polyacrylonitrile. Figure 14.14 shows a simple model of the structure that has been proposed by Henrici-Olive and Olive [22]. Colvin and Storr [30] reported finding three-dimensional crystals in very highly oriented polyacrylonitrile fibers (drawn 10¥) spun from an aqueous 6 Å 14.14 Model of helical conformation of polyacrylonitrile chain [22], reprinted by permission of Springer.…”

Section: Structure Of Acrylic Fibersmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The dipole interactions between two nitrile groups can be either attractive or repulsive, depending on the spatial orientation of the nitriles (Fig. 14.9), while the magnitude of the interactions depends on the distances between the groups [22]. In a helical conformation, the chain potential energy will be lower and all of the nitrile groups will be pointing away from the axis of the helix.…”

Section: Stereoregularity and Chain Conformation Of Polyacrylonitrilementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Parallel end-to-end orientation E = -2 m 2 /r 3 14.9 types of dipolar interactions between nitrile groups: (E) dipolar interaction; (µ) dipole moment; and (r) vector dipoles [22].…”

Section: Wet Spinningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 22. Schematic representation of acrylic fiber fracture, based on fracture studies of yarn[69], reprinted by permission of SaGE.14.23 (a) Structure of separate elements; (b) under tension, elements start to break; (c) stress transfer causes cumulative break over a cross-section; (d) granular break[70], reprinted by permission of Woodhead Publishing Limited.14.24 tensile fracture of Courtelle, 0.5 tex, uncrimped tow; (a, b) micrographs showing tip and base of split; (c) schematic of the weak shear interface linking the two fracture regions[65], reprinted by permission of Wiley-Interscience.14.25 Opposite ends of acrylan 1.7 tex carpet staple, broken in tension[65], reprinted by permission of Wiley-Interscience.…”

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confidence: 97%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Tensile failure of polyacrylonitrile fibers

Gupta

Afshari

2009

Handbook of Tensile Properties of Textile and Technical Fibres

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Acrylonitrile and Acrylonitrile Polymers

Wu¹

2001

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Acrylonitrile is a versatile and reactive monomer that can be polymerized under a wide variety of conditions and copolymerized with an extensive range of other vinyl monomers because of its polar nature and reactivity. Because of the difficulty of melt processing the acrylonitrile homopolymer, acrylonitrile is usually copolymerized to achieve a desirable thermal stability, melt flow, and physical properties. Acrylonitrile‐containing polymers are used in the areas of textile fibers, carbon fiber percursors, adhesives, binders, antioxidants, medicines, dyes, electrical insulations, emulsifying agents, graphic arts materials, insecticides, leather, paper, plasticizers, soil‐modifying agents, solvents, surface coatings, textile treatments, viscosity modifiers, azeotropic distillations, artificial organs, lubricants, asphalt additives, water‐soluble polymers, hollow spheres, cross‐linking agents, and catalyst treatments. Styrene is the largest volume acrylonitrile comonomer for thermoplastic applications. Styrene–acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymers are inherently transparent plastics with high heat resistance and excellent gloss and chemical resistance. They are also characterized by good hardness, rigidity, dimensional stability, and load‐bearing strength. In general, the styrene component of SAN resins offers clarity, stiffness, and processibility, while the acrylonitrile provides chemical and heat resistance. Because of their inherent transparency, SAN copolymers are most frequently used in clear application. These optically clear materials can be readily processed by extrusion and injection molding, but they lack real impact resistance. SAN resins show considerable resistance to solvents and are insoluble in carbon tetrachloride, ethyl alcohol, gasoline, and hydrocarbon solvents. Polar solvents dissolve SAN. The properties of SAN are significantly altered by water absorption. Commercially, SAN is manufactured by three processes: emulsion, suspension, and continuous mass polymerization. More than 75% of the SAN resin produced is believed to be used captively for acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene compounding and in the production of acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylate and acrylonitrile–EPDM–styrene weatherable copolymers. SAN resins appear to pose few health problems, and they have been approved by the FDA for direct food contact. Copolymers of acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate and terpolymers of acrylonitrile, styrene, and methyl methacrylate are used as barrier polymers. Acrylonitrile multipolymers containing indene; methyl methacrylate, and α‐methylstyrene are used as poly(vinyl chloride) modifiers for heat distortion temperature and processibility improvement.

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Molecular interactions and macroscopic properties of polyacrylonitrile and model substances

Cited by 111 publications

References 74 publications

High performance nitrile copolymers for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

High performance nitrile copolymers for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Tensile failure of polyacrylonitrile fibers

Acrylonitrile and Acrylonitrile Polymers

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