Molecular‐Level Understanding of the Carbonisation of Polysaccharides

Shuttleworth, Peter S.; Budarin, Vitaliy L.; White, Robin J.; Gun'ko, V.М.; Luque, Rafael; Clark, James H.

doi:10.1002/chem.201300825

Cited by 39 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Carbohydrates (e.g., saccharides) are appropriate materials for carbonization because they include many well-removed O/H-containing functionalities [14–25]. Therefore, their carbonization with the dehydration as one of the main processes can be carried out at temperatures (320–500 °C) lower than that used for carbonization of other compounds, e.g., phenolformaldehyde resin at 800 °C [26–28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, thermolysis of mono- or disaccharides results in the formation of polyaromatic compounds, whose condensation gives graphene clusters. Among simple carbohydrates, saccharose is frequently used as a char precursor [13–25, 33–35]. Mono- and disaccharides are characterized by tautomerism and diastereoisomerism, e.g., besides chain-cyclic tautomerism of glucose, there are eight pairs of its diastereomers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural Features of Carbons Produced Using Glucose, Lactose, and Saccharose

et al. 2016

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Glucose, lactose, and saccharose were used as precursors to prepare chars at 400 °C then activated at 800 °C or 1000 °C in closed vessels with controlled amounts of oxygen penetrating through nanopores in the vessel walls. There are correlations between the porosity, amounts of residual O- and H-containing functionalities, and electroconductivity of amorphous carbons studied. The pore size distributions calculated using the nitrogen adsorption isotherms and TEM images show that all carbons are mainly nanoporous with certain contribution of narrow mesopores (at pore half-width x < 5 nm). Oxidizing activation by oxygen penetrating into the closed vessels with chars through nanopores can more strongly change the outer layers of char particles than the inner pores. Therefore, despite relatively great burn-off degree, the textural characteristics are relatively low for activated carbons.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s11671-016-1723-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Features of Carbons Produced Using Glucose, Lactose, and Saccharose

et al. 2016

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“…The recorded vibration of the C=O may be related to both the formation of aldehydes, ketones, esters from the sample [17,21,23]. In the subsequent heating steps above 300°C, Wavenumber/cm -1 Absorbance Fig.…”

Section: Spectroscopic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal decomposition of binder based on etherified starch to use in foundry industry

Kaczmarska

Grabowska

Grabowski

et al. 2017

J Therm Anal Calorim

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In this work, the main purpose was the determination of the thermal stability of the modified starch: sodium carboxymethyl starch (CMS-Na) used in foundry technology as organic binder for molding sand. The analysis of the course of decomposition of the starch material under controlled heating in the range of 20-500°C was based on the results of thermal analysis methods (TG, DTG, DSC) in combination with the results of spectroscopic technology (DRIFT). The use of various methods of thermal analysis and spectroscopic methods was possible to determine more entirely the mechanism of the binder decomposition process comprising reactions at the molecular level with regard to the conditions prevailing in the mold. The onset temperature of degradation of the binder and at the same time the temperature at which it begins to lose binding properties were determined. It was found that the mechanism of the binder is multistage process. The decomposition of the starch binder CMS-Na involves the gradual evaporation of the water bound at a temperature of 20-120°C and water constitutional starch in the range of 120-200°C, degradation of the binder in the temperature range 200-342°C by breaking the glycosidic bonds in the polymer chains with the formation of volatile compounds and finally detaching the side groups and partial combustion of the starch material within a temperature range 342-500°C.

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“…9) [87][88][89]. The final product has a variable structure, stability, and chemistry that ranges from starch-like amorphous carbon to commercially available activated carbons [87].…”

Section: Starch Carbonization (Starbon ® )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional carbons and carbon nanohybrids for the catalytic conversion of biomass to renewable chemicals in the condensed phase

Matthiesen

Hoff

Liu

et al. 2014

Chinese Journal of Catalysis

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The production of chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass provides opportunities to synthesize chemicals with new functionalities and grow a more sustainable chemical industry. However, new challenges emerge as research transitions from petrochemistry to biorenewable chemistry. Compared to petrochemisty, the selective conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrates requires most catalytic reactions to take place at low temperatures (< 300 °C) and in the condensed phase to prevent reactants and products from degrading. The stability of heterogeneous catalysts in liquid water above the normal boiling point represents one of the major challenges to overcome. Herein, we review some of the latest advances in the field with an emphasis on the role of carbon materials and carbon nanohybrids in addressing this challenge. ABSTRACTThe production of chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass provides opportunities to synthesize chemicals with new functionalities and grow a more sustainable chemical industry. However, new challenges emerge as research transitions from petrochemistry to biorenewable chemistry. Compared to petrochemisty, the selective conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrates requires most catalytic reactions to take place at low temperatures (< 300 °C) and in the condensed phase to prevent reactants and products from degrading. The stability of heterogeneous catalysts in liquid water above the normal boiling point represents one of the major challenges to overcome. Herein, we review some of the latest advances in the field with an emphasis on the role of carbon materials and carbon nanohybrids in addressing this challenge.

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Molecular‐Level Understanding of the Carbonisation of Polysaccharides

Cited by 39 publications

References 44 publications

Structural Features of Carbons Produced Using Glucose, Lactose, and Saccharose

Structural Features of Carbons Produced Using Glucose, Lactose, and Saccharose

Thermal decomposition of binder based on etherified starch to use in foundry industry

Functional carbons and carbon nanohybrids for the catalytic conversion of biomass to renewable chemicals in the condensed phase

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