Molecular markers for resistance against infectious diseases of economic importance

Abstract

Huge livestock population of India is under threat by a large number of endemic infectious (bacterial, viral, and parasitic) diseases. These diseases are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, particularly in exotic and crossbred cattle. Beside morbidity and mortality, economic losses by these diseases occur through reduced fertility, production losses, etc. Some of the major infectious diseases which have great economic impact on Indian dairy industries are tuberculosis (TB), Johne’s disease (JD), mastitis, tick and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs), foot and mouth disease, etc. The development of effective strategies for the assessment and control of infectious diseases requires a better understanding of pathogen biology, host immune response, and diseases pathogenesis as well as the identification of the associated biomarkers. Indigenous cattle (Bos indicus) are reported to be comparatively less affected than exotic and crossbred cattle. However, genetic basis of resistance in indigenous cattle is not well documented. The association studies of few of the genes associated with various diseases, namely, solute carrier family 11 member 1, Toll-like receptors 1, with TB; Caspase associated recruitment domain 15, SP110 with JD; CACNA2D1, CD14 with mastitis and interferon gamma, BoLA­-DRB3.2 alleles with TTBDs, etc., are presented. Breeding for genetic resistance is one of the promising ways to control the infectious diseases. High host resistance is the most important method for controlling such diseases, but till today no breed is total immune. Therefore, work may be undertaken under the hypothesis that the different susceptibility to these diseases are exhibited by indigenous and crossbred cattle is due to breed-specific differences in the dealing of infected cells with other immune cells, which ultimately influence the immune response responded against infections. Achieving maximum resistance to these diseases is the ultimate goal, is technically possible to achieve, and is permanent. Progress could be enhanced through introgression of resistance genes to breeds with low resistance. The quest for knowledge of the genetic basis for infectious diseases in indigenous livestock is strongly warranted.

Biomarkers in Stress Related Diseases/Disorders: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Values

“…Strategies to counteract stress in humans and animals often rely on the early detection of stress-induced damage. Various indicators have been identified as potent markers of different biological processes, such as pathogenic or pharmacological responses, and are designated as biomarkers (Griffiths and Moller, 2002; Dadar et al, 2016; Abbas et al, 2017; Prajapati et al, 2017; Selleck et al, 2017; Ewert and Chang, 2018; Tampa et al, 2018). These include normal physiological biomarkers that are within the normal range in healthy subjects.…”

Preliminary results of SSR based characterization of sour (Prunus cerasus L.) and sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) genotypes cultivated in Hungary

“…Its length ranges from 1-6 nucleotides (Van Oppen et al 2000) and can be classified as mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-and hexanucleotide repeats. With the minimum repeat length of 12 base-pairs they are tandemly repeated usually 5-20 times in the genome (Goodfellow 1992;Vaughan and Lloyd 2003;Ellegren 2004;Prajapati et al 2017). As a result of their quickness, simplicity, rich polymorphism and stability SSR markers are highly popular in genetic diversity analysis (Turkoglu et al 2013;Gürcan et al 2015;Batnini et al 2016), construction of fingerprints (Cantini et al 2001;Rojas et al 2008;Klabunde et al 2014;Turet-Sayar et al 2012;Ivanovych et al 2017), genetic purity test (Spann et al 2010), molecular map construction and gene mapping (Ogundiwin et al 2009;Olukolu et al 2009;Fan et al 2010;Pacheco et al 2014;Rowland et al 2014;Wang et al 2014;Eduardo et al 2015), utilization of heterosis, especially in the identification of species that are genetically related.…”

Molecular Characterization and Sequence Analysis of iNOS Gene of Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)

“…At the level of low divergence, quail seemed to be more close to chicken as compared to guinea fowl. Prajapati et al, (2017) mentioned that the breeding for genetic resistance is one of the promising ways to control the infectious diseases. Further, Malek and Lamont, (2003) indicated that Identification of candidate genes to improve the immune response may be useful for marker-assisted selection to enhance disease resistance, the polymorphism identified in iNOS CDS in present study, may be utilized for exploring the mechanism of higher disease resistance in guinea fowl, which may further be exploited to develop disease resistant chicken population.…”