Molecular mechanism of the multiple regulation of theSaccharomyces cerevisiae ATF1 gene encoding alcohol acetyltransferase

Fujiwara, Daisuke; Kobayashi, Osamu; Yoshimoto, Hiroyuki; Harashima, Satoshi; Tamai, Yoshitaka

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(19990915)15:12<1183::aid-yea444>3.0.co;2-j

Cited by 70 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The decreases in the ethyl acetate (37%) and isoamyl acetate (32%) concentrations were in the same range as the decrease in the ethyl hexanoate concentration. This is consistent with the results of Fujii et al (10), who showed that UFAs lower acetate ester production by repressing the ATF1 gene, which is responsible for the major part of acetate ester synthesis (10,12,13).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Parameters Affecting Ethyl Ester Production bySaccharomyces cerevisiaeduring Fermentation

Saerens

Verstrepen

Dijck

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

416

260

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Volatile esters are responsible for the fruity character of fermented beverages and thus constitute a vital group of aromatic compounds in beer and wine. Many fermentation parameters are known to affect volatile ester production. In order to obtain insight into the production of ethyl esters during fermentation, we investigated the influence of several fermentation variables. A higher level of unsaturated fatty acids in the fermentation medium resulted in a general decrease in ethyl ester production. On the other hand, a higher fermentation temperature resulted in greater ethyl octanoate and decanoate production, while a higher carbon or nitrogen content of the fermentation medium resulted in only moderate changes in ethyl ester production. Analysis of the expression of the ethyl ester biosynthesis genes EEB1 and EHT1 after addition of medium-chain fatty acid precursors suggested that the expression level is not the limiting factor for ethyl ester production, as opposed to acetate ester production. Together with the previous demonstration that provision of mediumchain fatty acids, which are the substrates for ethyl ester formation, to the fermentation medium causes a strong increase in the formation of the corresponding ethyl esters, this result further supports the hypothesis that precursor availability has an important role in ethyl ester production. We concluded that, at least in our fermentation conditions and with our yeast strain, the fatty acid precursor level rather than the activity of the biosynthetic enzymes is the major limiting factor for ethyl ester production. The expression level and activity of the fatty acid biosynthetic enzymes therefore appear to be prime targets for flavor modification by alteration of process parameters or through strain selection.During fermentation the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces a broad range of aroma-active substances, which are vital for the complex flavor of fermented beverages, such as beer and wine. In particular, volatile esters are of major industrial interest because the presence of these compounds determines the fruity aroma of beer and wine (6,7,9,20,24,26,27,30,31,36). Even small changes in the concentrations of these secondary metabolites can have large effects on the final sensorial quality of fermented beverages. There are two main groups of flavor-active esters in fermented beverages. The first group contains the acetate esters (in which the acid group is acetate and the alcohol group is ethanol or a complex alcohol derived from amino acid metabolism), such as ethyl acetate (solventlike aroma), isoamyl acetate (banana aroma), and phenyl ethyl acetate (roses, honey). The second group is the ethyl esters (in which the alcohol group is ethanol and the acid group is a medium-chain fatty acid [MCFA]) and includes ethyl hexanoate (anise seed, applelike aroma), ethyl octanoate (sour apple aroma), and ethyl decanoate (floral odor). Of these two groups, the acetate esters have received the most attention, not because they are more important but because ...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Parameters Affecting Ethyl Ester Production bySaccharomyces cerevisiaeduring Fermentation

Saerens

Verstrepen

Dijck

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

416

260

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“…Similarly, aerobic transcript levels of SUT1 were not significantly (P ϭ 0.56) different among the rox1 and wild-type strains under the same conditions. For ATF1, the results may be considered to be marginally significant (P ϭ 0.069, ratio ϭ 1.8) with, as predicted, higher transcript levels under fatty acid-nonrepressing conditions (36) in the JM43 genetic background. With regard to HMG2, we have found that its expression and that of its aerobic counterpart, HMG1, change little in response to oxygen availability in JM43 (49) and have obtained Northern blot results with rox1 null strains that contradict previously published reports (77).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Genomic Analyses of Anaerobically Induced Genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae : Functional Roles of Rox1 and Other Factors in Mediating the Anoxic Response

Kwast¹,

Lai²,

Menda³

et al. 2002

J Bacteriol

221

282

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DNA arrays were used to investigate the functional role of Rox1 in mediating acclimatization to anaerobic conditions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Multiple growth conditions for wild-type and rox1 null strains were used to identify open reading frames with a statistically robust response to this repressor. These results were compared to those obtained for a wild-type strain in response to oxygen availability. Transcripts of nearly one-sixth of the genome were differentially expressed (P < 0.05) with respect to oxygen availability, the majority (>65%) being down-regulated under anoxia. Of the anaerobically induced genes, about one-third (106) contain putative Rox1-binding sites in their promoters and were significantly (P < 0.05) up-regulated in the rox1 null strains under aerobiosis. Additional promoter searches revealed that nearly one-third of the anaerobically induced genes contain an AR1 site(s) for the Upc2 transcription factor, suggesting that Upc2 and Rox1 regulate the majority of anaerobically induced genes in S. cerevisiae. Functional analyses indicate that a large fraction of the anaerobically induced genes are involved in cell stress (ϳ1/3), cell wall maintenance (ϳ1/8), carbohydrate metabolism (ϳ1/10), and lipid metabolism (ϳ1/12), with both Rox1 and Upc2 predominating in the regulation of this latter group and Upc2 predominating in cell wall maintenance. Mapping the changes in expression of functional regulons onto metabolic pathways has provided novel insight into the role of Rox1 and other trans-acting factors in mediating the physiological response of S. cerevisiae to anaerobic conditions.

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“…Studies have shown that ATF1, encoding an alcohol acetyltransferase, is regulated by hypoxia and unsaturated fatty acid in a manner similar to OLE1 (9,10). We previously demonstrated that a LORE sequence exists in the promoter region of ATF1 which is critical for hypoxic induction and hypothesized that the LORE-dependent hypoxia induction pathway plays an important role in the regulation of ATF1 expression (30).…”

Section: Fig 5 Myc-mga2mentioning

confidence: 99%

MGA2 Is Involved in the Low-Oxygen Response Element-Dependent Hypoxic Induction of Genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Jiang

Vasconcelles

Wretzel

et al. 2001

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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Eukaryotes have the ability to respond to changes in oxygen tension by alterations in gene expression. For example, OLE1 expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is upregulated under hypoxic conditions. Previous studies have suggested that the pathway regulating OLE1 expression by unsaturated fatty acids may involve Mga2p and Spt23p, two structurally and functionally related proteins. To define the possible roles of each of these genes on hypoxia-induced OLE1 expression, we examined OLE1 expression under normoxia, hypoxia, and cobalt treatment conditions in ⌬mga2 or ⌬spt23 deletion strains. The results of OLE1 promoter-lacZ reporter gene and Northern blot analyses showed that hypoxia-and cobalt-induced OLE1 expression was dramatically decreased in a ⌬mga2 strain but not in a ⌬spt23 strain. Further analyses using low-oxygen response element (LORE)-CYC1-lacZ fusion reporter assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) demonstrated that MGA2 significantly affects the LORE-dependent hypoxic induction pathway of gene expression. When MGA2 was supplied by a plasmid, the LORE-dependent hypoxia-inducible reporter expression was recovered, as was the hypoxia-inducible complex in EMSAs in the S. cerevisiae ⌬mga2 strain. Supershift analysis of EMSAs using crude extracts containing mycMga2p indicated that Mga2p is a component of the LORE-binding complex. Another LORE-dependent, hypoxia-inducible gene, ATF1, was similarly affected in the ⌬mga2 strain. These results indicate that MGA2 is required for the LORE-dependent hypoxic gene induction in S. cerevisiae.Humans and other eukaryotes have developed sophisticated mechanisms to respond to decreased oxygen tension. These mechanisms are fundamentally important for developmental, physiological, and pathophysiological processes. Because of the importance of the response to hypoxic conditions, many mammalian cell types share a common mechanism of oxygen sensing and signal transduction (reviewed in references 3 and 22). One of the best-studied signal transduction pathways involved in the response to decreased oxygen tension contains the transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Many hypoxia-inducible genes, such as erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor, are upregulated by hypoxia via the activation of HIF-1 (reviewed in references 2 and 27). HIF-1 is a heterodimer consisting of an ␣ subunit and a ␤ subunit, two basic helix-loop-helix proteins in the PAS family of transcription factors. The ␤ subunit is also known as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator ARNT. ARNT mRNA and protein levels are not significantly affected by ambient oxygen tension. In contrast, though HIF-1␣ mRNA levels are not appreciably affected by oxygen tension, HIF-1␣

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Molecular mechanism of the multiple regulation of theSaccharomyces cerevisiae ATF1 gene encoding alcohol acetyltransferase

Cited by 70 publications

References 45 publications

Parameters Affecting Ethyl Ester Production bySaccharomyces cerevisiaeduring Fermentation

Parameters Affecting Ethyl Ester Production bySaccharomyces cerevisiaeduring Fermentation

Genomic Analyses of Anaerobically Induced Genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae : Functional Roles of Rox1 and Other Factors in Mediating the Anoxic Response

MGA2 Is Involved in the Low-Oxygen Response Element-Dependent Hypoxic Induction of Genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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