“…By contrast, kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) can retard the hydrate formation at concentrations below 1.0 wt %, being more economically favorable . KHIs delay the hydrate formation with three possible mechanisms, that is, binding to the nucleus to prevent it from reaching the critical size, adsorbing onto the hydrate surface to inhibit the crystal growth, and structuring water molecules to restrict recrystallization. − Inspired by the anti-icing activity of natural antifreezing proteins (AFPs), which were found to anchor their methyl groups into half-cages at the hydrate surface to prevent guest molecules diffusing into cages, some analogues were synthesized to exhibit similar properties of hydrate inhibition. − For facilitating the hydrate formation, promoters were designed, following one or more of the principles: acting as seeds to promote the hydrate nucleation, lowering surface tension at the gas–liquid interface to enhance the mass transfer from the gas to aqueous phase, , increasing the solubility of gas in the aqueous solution, ,, improving heat transfer efficiency, , and altering morphology of the growing hydrate crystals. ,, …”