Molecular Mechanisms for the Ability of Exercise Supporting Cognitive Abilities and Counteracting Neurological Disorders

Gómez‐Pinilla, Fernando; Feng, Cameron

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3293-7_2

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…Hence, several human and animal studies have speculated about the additive or multiplicative benefits that might arise from combining omega-3 administration or supplementation with greater amounts of physical activity [102]. …”

Section: Dietary Moderators Of Physical Activity On Brain Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Physical activity, however, may provide an avenue by which the effects of DHA on cellular integrity and cognitive function may be enhanced [102, 106]. Chytrova et al [24] revealed an additive effect of physical activity and DHA supplementation in a rodent model of synaptic plasticity and membrane structure in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.…”

Section: Dietary Moderators Of Physical Activity On Brain Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential Moderators of Physical Activity on Brain Health

Leckie

Weinstein

Hodzic

et al. 2012

Journal of Aging Research

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Age-related cognitive decline is linked to numerous molecular, structural, and functional changes in the brain. However, physical activity is a promising method of reducing unfavorable age-related changes. Physical activity exerts its effects on the brain through many molecular pathways, some of which are regulated by genetic variants in humans. In this paper, we highlight genes including apolipoprotein E (APOE), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) along with dietary omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as potential moderators of the effect of physical activity on brain health. There are a growing number of studies indicating that physical activity might mitigate the genetic risks for disease and brain dysfunction and that the combination of greater amounts of DHA intake with physical activity might promote better brain function than either treatment alone. Understanding whether genes or other lifestyles moderate the effects of physical activity on neurocognitive health is necessary for delineating the pathways by which brain health can be enhanced and for grasping the individual variation in the effectiveness of physical activity interventions on the brain and cognition. There is a need for future research to continue to assess the factors that moderate the effects of physical activity on neurocognitive function.

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Section: Dietary Moderators Of Physical Activity On Brain Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dietary Moderators Of Physical Activity On Brain Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Moderators of Physical Activity on Brain Health

Leckie

Weinstein

Hodzic

et al. 2012

Journal of Aging Research

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“…Both act on dopaminergic pathways,8 9 and influence the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which promote synaptic plasticity, cell proliferation, and cell survival in humans and rodents 1011 Because of the shared neurobiological and physiological effects, several human and animal studies have speculated about the benefits of higher, endogenous levels of n-3 fatty acids in plasma in contribution to the pro-cognitive effects of exercise 1213 Recently, Chytrova et al 14 showed that exercise increased expression of synaptic plasticity and membrane structure proteins in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats supplemented with n-3 fatty acids more than in rats without the supplementation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular biomarkers to predict response to exercise in Alzheimer's disease: the study protocol

Thomas

Tsai

et al. 2016

BMJ Open

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IntroductionExercise interventions are a promising treatment for improving cognition in persons with Alzheimer's disease. This is similar to Alzheimer's disease pharmacotherapies in which only 18–48% of treated patients demonstrate improvement in cognition. Aerobic exercise interventions positively affect brain structure and function through biologically sound pathways. However, an under-studied mechanism of aerobic exercise's effects is n-3 fatty acids in plasma. The objective of this pilot study is to inform a future large-scale study to develop n-3 fatty acids-based prediction of cognitive responses to aerobic exercise treatment in Alzheimer's disease.Methods and analysisThis study will recruit and follow a cohort of 25 subjects enrolled in the FIT-AD Trial, an ongoing randomised controlled trial that investigates the effects of a 6-month moderate-intensity cycling intervention on cognition and hippocampal volume in older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease over a year. This study will collect blood from subjects at baseline and at 3 and 6 months to assay vascular biomarkers (ie, plasma fatty acids). Global cognition as measured by the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognition (ADAS-Cog) at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months will be used as the main outcome. A multiple linear-regression model will be used with 12-month change in cognition as the outcome and baseline measure of n-3 fatty acids or changes in the ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty-acid levels in plasma at 3 and/or 6 months, randomised treatment group, and their interaction as predictors.Ethics and disseminationWe have obtained Institutional Review Board approval for our study. We obtain consent or assent/surrogate consent from all subjects depending on their consenting capacity assessment. Data of this study are/will be stored in the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). We plan to present and publish our study findings through presentations and manuscripts.Trial registration numberNCT01954550.

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“…Because of the shared neurobiological and physiological effects of PA and DHA intake, several human and animal studies have speculated about the additive or multiplicative benefits that might arise from combining omega-3 supplementation with PA [55]. For example, PA may provide an avenue by which the effects of DHA on cellular integrity and cognitive function are enhanced [39, 55].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, PA may provide an avenue by which the effects of DHA on cellular integrity and cognitive function are enhanced [39, 55]. In rodents, the combination of PA and DHA supplementation (1.25% increase of DHA in standard rat chow) have additive effects on synaptic plasticity and membrane structure biomarkers in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, such that mice receiving both DHA supplementation and PA have greater levels of synaptic proteins than their counterparts not receiving PA [56].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 fatty acids moderate effects of physical activity on cognitive function

et al. 2014

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Greater amounts of physical activity (PA) and omega-3 fatty acids have both been independently associated with better cognitive performance. Because of the overlapping biological effects of omega-3 fatty acids and PA, fatty acid intake may modify the effects of PA on neurocognitive function. The present study tested this hypothesis by examining whether the ratio of serum omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid levels would moderate the association between PA and executive and memory functions in 344 participants (Mean age = 44.42 years, SD = 6.72). The Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ), serum fatty acid levels, and performance on a standard neuropsychological battery were acquired on all subjects. A principal component analysis reduced the number of cognitive outcomes to three factors: n-back working memory, Trail Making test, and Logical Memory. We found a significant interaction between PA and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid serum levels on Trail Making performance and n-back performance, such that higher amounts of omega-3 levels offset the deleterious effects of lower amounts of PA. These effects remained significant in a subsample (n=299) controlling for overall dietary fat consumption. There were no significant additive or multiplicative benefits of higher amounts of both omega-3 and PA on cognitive performance. Our results demonstrate that a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids might mitigate the effect of lower levels of PA on cognitive performance. This study illuminates the importance of understanding dietary and PA factors in tandem when exploring their effects on neurocognitive health.

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Molecular Mechanisms for the Ability of Exercise Supporting Cognitive Abilities and Counteracting Neurological Disorders

Cited by 12 publications

References 117 publications

Potential Moderators of Physical Activity on Brain Health

Potential Moderators of Physical Activity on Brain Health

Vascular biomarkers to predict response to exercise in Alzheimer's disease: the study protocol

Omega-3 fatty acids moderate effects of physical activity on cognitive function

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