Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Insulin Resistance: Recent Updates and Future Challenges

Abstract

Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition in which insulin-mediated regulation of glucose metabolism in body tissues (primarily liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle) becomes disrupted. IR is a characteristic marker of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. IR is generally associated with metabolic abnormalities, including hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose homeostasis, hyperlipidemia and obesity. IR can arise from pathological, genetic and environmental factors or from a combination of these factors. Studies conducted in recent decades showcase the important role of adipose tissue in the development of IR via release of lipids and different circulating factors. These extracellular factors influence the intracellular levels of intermediates including ceramide and various lipids that influence the cell responsiveness to insulin. These intermediates are suggested to promote IR via inhibition of one or more components of insulin signaling pathway (e.g., insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate proteins). This chapter will shed light on various molecular mechanisms and factors contributing to IR, which will help the researchers to design potential therapeutic strategies and interventions for efficiently managing IR and its related disorders.