Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of neuritogenesis by estradiol: Recent advances

Sex chromosome complement determines sex differences in aromatase expression and regulation in the stria terminalis and anterior amygdala of the developing mouse brain

“…E2 acts on nuclear ERs to regulate transcriptional activity of genes that have estrogen response elements in their promoters (Mangelsdorf et al, 1995). In addition, E2 may bind to ERs associated to the plasma membrane, causing the activation of different signaling pathways that will finally regulate gene transcription through other transcription factor (Arevalo et al, 2012). DHT regulates transcription through AR (Claessens et al, 2008).…”

17β-Estradiol Modulates Gene Expression in the Female Mouse Cerebral Cortex

“…Impairment of neurite extension is associated with aging and neurodegeneration [93]. E2 can increase neurite extension in a variety of brain regions through several pathways including growth factor signaling, PI3K, and MAP kinase pathways [94]. We identified several genes involved in neurite extension that were altered by E2 treatment.…”

Estrogen: A master regulator of bioenergetic systems in the brain and body

“…This receptor has a high affinity for E 2 , and signaling thorough it activates both cAMP/PKA and PI3K/Akt pathways (Maggiolini and Picard, 2010). 17β-estradiol binding to ERs activates signaling cascades associated with neuronal survival and function, including MAPK (Arevalo et al, 2012; Nilsen and Brinton, 2003; Singh et al, 2000), PI3K (Brinton, 2008a; Cheskis et al, 2008; Spencer-Segal et al, 2012), and PKC (Cordey et al, 2003). Activation of both the MAPK and PI3K pathways leads to phosphorylation of CREB, which upregulates the transcription of neuronal survival genes including the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (Nilsen and Brinton, 2003; Nilsen et al, 2006; Pike, 1999; Stoltzner et al, 2001).…”

“…In the rodent brain, coupling between estrogen and insulin involves insulin’s rodent brain homologue insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its receptor (IGF-1R). The synergistic coupling between ERs and IGF-1R has been extensively investigated (Arevalo et al, 2012; Cardona-Gomez et al, 2002; Garcia-Segura et al, 2010; Garcia-Segura et al, 2000; Mendez and Garcia-Segura, 2006; Mendez et al, 2006). IGF-1R and ERα can form a macromolecular complex to enable downstream signaling functions, such as activation of the PI3K signaling pathway that leads to phosphorylation and activation of Akt (Garcia-Segura et al, 2010; Mendez et al, 2006).…”