Molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective offerings by rosmarinic acid against neurodegenerative and other CNS pathologies

Abstract

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural phenolic compound present in culinary herbs of the Boraginaceae, Lamiaceae/Labiatae, and Nepetoideae families. While the medicinal applications of these plants have been known for ages, RA has only been relatively recently established as an effective ameliorative agent against various disorders including cardiac diseases, cancer, and neuropathologies. In particular, several studies have confirmed the neuroprotective potential of RA in multiple cellular and animal models, as well as in clinical studies. The neuroprotective effects mediated by RA stem from its multimodal actions on a plethora of cellular and molecular pathways; including oxidative, bioenergetic, neuroinflammatory, and synaptic signaling. In recent years, RA has garnered tremendous interest as an ideal therapeutic candidate for treating neurodegenerative diseases. This review first briefly discusses the pharmacokinetics of RA and then proceeds to detail the neuroprotective mechanisms of RA at the molecular levels. Finally, the authors focus on the ameliorative potential of RA against several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, ranging from neuropsychological stress and epilepsy to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Effect of Polyphenol Supplementation on Memory Functioning in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…This serine-threonine kinase was found to be closely related to hyperphosphorylation of tau and enhanced plaque-associated aggregation of insoluble Aβ when activated [ 71 ]. Similarly, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic activities were linked to the possible neuroprotective effect of rosmarinic acid [ 72 ]. Nonetheless, both compounds are under-researched, and their findings in the current meta-analysis point out a potential positive outcome on memory, which needs further investigation in future studies.…”

Neuroprotective, Anti-Inflammatory and Antifibrillogenic Offerings by Emodin against Alzheimer’s Dementia: A Systematic Review

“…An example is memantine, an N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) antagonist. 8 Recently, there has been a renewed interest in therapeutic phytochemicals (e.g., rosmarinic acid 9 ) as potential neuroprotective agents because these are safe and can be easily supplemented in diet. In this respect, emodin is emerging as yet another suitable candidate, particularly against AD.…”

Astaxanthin: A Marine Drug That Ameliorates Cerebrovascular-Damage-Associated Alzheimer’s Disease in a Zebrafish Model via the Inhibition of Matrix Metalloprotease-13

“…CVD is known to cause neurodegeneration and mimic AD pathology. Various natural compounds, such as sinapic acid, auraptene, 4,60-anhydrooxysporidinone [ 6 ], rosmarinic acid [ 7 ], taurine [ 8 ], and epigallocatechin [ 9 ], are known to attenuate CVD and AD by improving BBB function and maintaining BBB integrity [ 9 , 10 ]. AST is a xanthophyll carotenoid, and is found in various microorganisms ( Paracoccus carotinifaciens ), microalgae ( Haematococcus species; genus of Chlorophycecae ), yeast ( Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous ), and marine animals, such as salmon (genus Oncorhynchus ; Salmo salar ), shrimp ( Penaeus semisulcatus ), krill ( Euphausia pacifica ), and crayfish [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”