Molecular monitoring of insecticide resistance in major disease vectors in Armenia

Paronyan, Lusine; Babayan, Lilit; Vardanyan, Haykuhi; Manucharyan, Arsen; Papapostolou, Kyriaki Maria; Balaska, Sofia; Vontas, John; Mavridis, Konstantinos

doi:10.1186/s13071-024-06139-2

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 53 publications

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“…Molecular markers could have a significant predictive value and ease the early detection of developing resistance [43]. As of 2017, several studies have monitored kdr mutations in sand fly populations from eight leishmaniasis endemic countries, in the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East and southeastern Asia [11,[44][45][46]. In all of the surveyed countries, apart from Italy [47], i.e.…”

Section: Insecticide Susceptibility Bioassays Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and application of species ID and insecticide resistance assays, for monitoring sand flyLeishmaniavectors in the Mediterranean basin and in the Middle East

Balaska,

Khajehali,

Mavridis

et al. 2024

Preprint

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AbstractsBackgroundDevelopment of insecticide resistance (IR) in sand fly populations is an upcoming issue of public health concern, threatening leishmaniasis mitigation efforts by insecticide- based vector control. There is a major knowledge gap in the IR status of wild populations worldwide, possibly attributed to the unavailability of specialized tools, such as bioassay protocols, species baseline susceptibility to insecticides and molecular markers, to monitor such phenomena in sand flies.Methodology/ Principal findingsSeveral sand fly populations from (semi-)rural regions of Greece, Turkey and Iran were sampled and identified to species, showing populations’ structure in accordance with previously reported data. Genotyping of known pyrethroid resistance-associated loci revealed the occurrence of voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) mutations in all surveyed countries. Knock-down resistance (kdr) mutation L1014F was prevalent in Turkish regions and L1014F and L1014S were recorded for the first time in Iran and in Turkey and Greece, respectively, yet in low frequencies. Moreover, CDC bottle bioassays against pyrethroids in mixed species populations from Greece indicated full susceptibility, using though the mosquito discriminating doses. In parallel, we established a novel individual bioassay protocol and applied it comparatively among distinctPhlebotomusspecies’ populations, to detect any possible divergent species-specific response to insecticides. Indeed, a significantly different knock-down rate betweenP. simiciandP. perfiliewiwas observed upon exposure to deltamethrin.Conclusions/SignificanceIR in sand flies is increasingly reported in leishmaniasis endemic regions, highlighting the necessity to generate additional monitoring tools, that could be implemented in relevant eco-epidemiological settings, in the context of IR management. Our molecular and phenotypic data add to the IR map in a macroarea with otherwise limited data coverage.Author SummaryPhlebotomine sand flies vector leishmaniasis to human and animals, a neglected tropical disease of the (sub-)tropics, displaying an expanding epidemiological tendency towards previously non-endemic regions. As leishmaniasis eradication largely relies on vectors’ insecticidal control, regular monitoring of insecticide resistance (IR) is a core element of integrated vector management. IR data are limited in sand fly populations worldwide though, among others due to the unavailability of robust molecular diagnostic and phenotyping tools. Here, we aim to characterise the pyrethroid resistance (PyR) status of populations originating from countries of the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East; i.e. Greece, Turkey and Iran. PyR-associated mutations were detected in all three countries, while the populations from Greece exhibited susceptibility upon exposure to deltamethrin in CDC bioassays. We established an individual bioassay protocol to enable IR monitoring in settings with multi- species population structure, and applied it comparatively among three distinctPhlebotomusspecies, revealing that they respond differently to insecticide treatment. Our study will facilitate systematic surveillance and evidence-based sand fly control in the endemic regions.

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Section: Insecticide Susceptibility Bioassays Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and application of species ID and insecticide resistance assays, for monitoring sand flyLeishmaniavectors in the Mediterranean basin and in the Middle East

Balaska,

Khajehali,

Mavridis

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Comparative Genomics Uncovers the Evolutionary Dynamics of Detoxification and Insecticide Target Genes Across 11 Phlebotomine Sand Flies

Charamis,

Balaska,

Ioannidis

et al. 2024

Genome Biology and Evolution

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Sand flies infect more than 1 million people annually with Leishmania parasites and other bacterial and viral pathogens. Progress in understanding sand fly adaptations to xenobiotics has been hampered by the limited availability of genomic resources. To address this gap, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the transcriptomes of 11 phlebotomine sand fly species. Subsequently, we leveraged these genomic resources to generate novel evolutionary insights pertaining to their adaptations to xenobiotics, including those contributing to insecticide resistance. Specifically, we annotated over 2,700 sand fly detoxification genes and conducted large-scale phylogenetic comparisons to uncover the evolutionary dynamics of the five major detoxification gene families: cytochrome P450s (CYPs), glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), carboxyl/cholinesterases (CCEs), and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Using this comparative approach, we show that sand flies have evolved diverse CYP and GST gene repertoires, with notable lineage-specific expansions in gene groups evolutionarily related to known xenobiotic metabolizers. Furthermore, we show that sand flies have conserved orthologs of (i) CYP4G genes involved in cuticular hydrocarbon biosynthesis, (ii) ABCB genes involved in xenobiotic toxicity, and (iii) two primary insecticide targets, acetylcholinesterase-1 (Ace1) and voltage gated sodium channel (VGSC). The biological insights and genomic resources produced in this study provide a foundation for generating and testing hypotheses regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying sand fly adaptations to xenobiotics.

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Sergentomyia khawi: a potential vector for Leishmania and Trypanosoma parasites affecting humans and animals and insecticide resistance status in endemic areas of Songkhla, southern Thailand

Phumee,

Sutthanont,

Chitcharoen

et al. 2024

Parasites Vectors

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Background Sand flies serve as crucial vectors in various medical and veterinary diseases. Sand fly-borne diseases pose a significant public health burden globally, as the causative agents can infect a diverse range of hosts, leading to severe consequences such as leishmaniasis and sand fly fever. Additionally, the widespread use of insecticides for agricultural purposes and mosquito control is not specifically targeted at sand flies, potentially leading to resistance development. We investigated sand fly species, their potential role as vectors of various parasitic agents, and insecticide resistance in the endemic regions of Natawi and Sadao districts in Songkhla, Thailand. Methods Sand flies were collected using CDC light traps. The collected sand flies were then identified to species level using molecular techniques. Subsequent analyses included the detection of pathogens and the identification of pyrethroid resistance mutations within the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vgsc) domain IIS6 gene, followed by sequence analysis. Results The study identified nine sand fly species belonging to the genera Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia. The DNA of Sergentomyia khawi was the only species found to test positive for one sample of Leishmania orientalis in Sadao district. This finding represents the first detection of L. orientalis in Thailand. Moreover, three samples of Leishmania martiniquensis and four samples of Trypanosoma sp. were found in the Natawi district. No I1011M, L1014F/S, V1016G, or F1020S mutations were detected in Vgsc gene. Conclusions The results of this study provide valuable information on sand fly species and the continuous circulation of Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma spp. in Songkhla, southern Thailand. Moreover, the development of geo-spatial information on vectors, parasites, and insecticide resistance in sand flies has the potential to provide well-informed risk assessments and evidence-based guidance for targeted vector control in Thailand. These results can serve as a foundation for integrating the One Health approach, which is crucial for disease control, considering the diverse ecological interactions among human and/or animal reservoir hosts, parasites, and sand fly vectors. Graphic Abstract

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Molecular monitoring of insecticide resistance in major disease vectors in Armenia

Cited by 4 publications

References 53 publications

Development and application of species ID and insecticide resistance assays, for monitoring sand flyLeishmaniavectors in the Mediterranean basin and in the Middle East

Development and application of species ID and insecticide resistance assays, for monitoring sand flyLeishmaniavectors in the Mediterranean basin and in the Middle East

Comparative Genomics Uncovers the Evolutionary Dynamics of Detoxification and Insecticide Target Genes Across 11 Phlebotomine Sand Flies

Sergentomyia khawi: a potential vector for Leishmania and Trypanosoma parasites affecting humans and animals and insecticide resistance status in endemic areas of Songkhla, southern Thailand

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