In nature, biomolecules are often organized as functional thin layers in interfacial architectures, the most prominent examples being biological membranes. Biomolecular layers play also important roles in context with biotechnological surfaces, for instance, when they are the result of adsorption processes. For the understanding of many biological or biotechnologically relevant phenomena, detailed structural insight into the involved biomolecular layers is required. Here, we use standing-wave X-ray fluorescence (SWXF) to localize chemical elements in solid-supported lipid and protein layers with near-Ångstrom precision. The technique complements traditional specular reflectometry experiments that merely yield the layers' global density profiles. While earlier work mostly focused on relatively heavy elements, typically metal ions, we show that it is also possible to determine the position of the comparatively light elements S and P, which are found in the most abundant classes of biomolecules and are therefore particularly important. With that, we overcome the need of artificial heavy atom labels, the main obstacle to a broader application of high-resolution SWXF in the fields of biology and soft matter. This work may thus constitute the basis for the label-free, element-specific structural investigation of complex biomolecular layers and biological surfaces.surfaces | interfaces | lipid membranes | protein adsorption | X-ray scattering N anometric biomolecular layers in interfacial geometries are key components of biological matter. Biological membranes, for example, are 2D molecular structures composed mainly of lipids and proteins in an aqueous environment (1, 2). Interfacial biomolecular layers are also important from a biotechnological perspective, where surfaces are often designed to selectively promote or prevent the adsorption of bio(macro)molecules from solution (3). To investigate the diverse behavior of biomolecules at interfaces, well-defined planar model systems of biological and biotechnologically relevant interfaces have been established (4, 5). Processes involving biomolecules at interfaces are typically accompanied by a spatial reorganization of molecules, changes in molecular conformations, or the adsorption of molecules in a chemically heterogeneous environment (6). Structural insight on the nanometer scale is therefore of paramount importance.X-ray and neutron scattering are uniquely suited for the structural investigation of biomolecular systems. Specular reflectometry reveals matter density profiles perpendicular to a planar interface. However, it is generally difficult to elucidate molecular conformations and elemental distributions from such "global" density profiles. In contrast, standing-wave X-ray fluorescence (SWXF) allows determining element-specific density profiles across an interface. The SWXF technique is based on the elementcharacteristic fluorescence induced by a standing X-ray wave. The latter is formed by interference of the incident and reflected waves and its shape depends o...