Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic history of the Neotropical tribe Glandulocaudini (Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae)

Abstract

Although former studies on systematics and biogeography represent a progress on the knowledge of the tribe Glandulocaudini, none was grounded on molecular evidence. Thus, the first hypothesis of relationships for the tribe based on a multilocus analysis is presented, including all genera and most of the valid species. DNA sequences of Glandulocauda caerulea and Mimagoniates sylvicola were analyzed for the first time. A molecular clock analysis was used to estimate the origin of the Glandulocaudini and the approximate timing of cladogenetic events within the group. Glandulocaudini was recovered as monophyletic. No hypothesis recovered Glandulocauda as monophyletic, since G. melanopleura is sister to Lophiobrycon weitzmani while G. caerulea is closely related to Mimagoniates. The relationships within the latter genus were resolved. The molecular clock results indicate the origin of the Glandulocaudini during the Miocene with diversification in the group occurring from Neogene to Pleistocene. These results corroborated the hypothesis that its origin took place on the Brazilian crystalline shield with the subsequent occupation of the Atlantic Coastal drainages. Apparently, Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations might have shaped the distribution pattern of some species in Glandulocaudini.Keywords: Brazilian Crystalline Shield, Coastal Drainages, Molecular Clock, Molecular Systematics, Multilocus Analysis.Embora estudos prévios sobre sistemática e biogeografia representam um avanço no conhecimento da tribo Glandulocaudini, nenhum foi baseado em evidência molecular. Assim, a primeira hipótese de relações para a tribo com base em uma análise multilocus é apresentada, incluindo todos os gêneros e a maioria das espécies válidas. Sequências de DNA de Glandulocauda caerulea e Mimagoniates sylvicola foram analisadas pela primeira vez. Uma análise de relógio molecular foi utilizada para estimar a origem de Glandulocaudini e datas aproximadas de eventos cladogenéticos dentro do grupo. Glandulocaudini foi recuperada como monofilética. Nenhuma hipótese recuperou Glandulocauda como monofilético, uma vez que G. melanopleura é irmã de Lophiobrycon weitzmani e G. caerulea está proximamente relacionada a Mimagoniates. As relações dentro deste último gênero foram resolvidas. Os resultados do relógio molecular indicam que Glandulocaudini originouse durante o Mioceno, com diversificação dentro do grupo ocorrendo desde o Neogeno até o Pleistoceno. Estes resultados corroboram a hipótese da sua origem no escudo cristalino brasileiro, com a subsequente ocupação das drenagens costeiras atlânticas. Aparentemente, as flutuações pleistocênicas do nível do mar podem ter moldado o padrão de distribuição de algumas espécies em Glandulocaudini. Palavras-chave:

Testing the phylogenetic hypotheses of Stevardiinae Gill, 1858 in light of new phenotypic data (Teleostei: Characidae)

“…Previous studies (Castro et al, 2003; Menezes & Weitzman, 2009) considered Lophiobrycon as sister group of a clade composed of Glandulocauda and Mimagoniates . Camelier et al (2018), in a phylogenetic study of the Glandulocaudini based on DNA/rRNA data, found that Glandulocauda was not monophyletic, since that study reconstructed Glandulocauda melanopleura (Ellis, 1911) as sister to Lophiobrycon weitzmani Castro et al, 2003 rather than being included in a clade with Glandulocauda caerulea Menezes & Weitzman, 2009, which turned out to be closely related to Mimagoniates . In our analysis, G. melanopleura and L. weitzmani are sister groups but we did not analyze G. caerulea .…”

“…study, the monophyletic condition of the Glandulocaudini as proposed byThomaz et al (2015) is corroborated, including Mimagoniates as the sister group of Glandulocauda and Lophiobrycon. Previous studies(Castro et al, 2003;Menezes & Weitzman, 2009) considered Lophiobrycon as sister group of a clade composed of Glandulocauda and Mimagoniates Camelier et al (2018),. in a phylogenetic study of the Glandulocaudini based on DNA/rRNA data, found that Glandulocauda was not monophyletic, since that study reconstructed Glandulocauda melanopleura(Ellis, 1911) as sister to Lophiobrycon weitzmaniCastro et al, 2003 rather than being included in a clade with Glandulocauda caeruleaF I G U R E 9 Caudal-fin squamation of Knodus meridae, USNM 121469, 21.0 mm SL, lateral view, anterior to left.…”

Common barriers, but temporal dissonance: Genomic tests suggest ecological and paleo‐landscape sieves structure a coastal riverine fish community

“…In addition, for Bryconamericus , one species boundary corresponds to the southern division inferred in our study (Hirschmann, Fagundes, & Malabarba, ); however, we note the lack of a correspondence between the designation of two other species within this taxon and the regional structure inferred here (i.e., north clusters: populations 40 and 41 for B. ornaticeps and population 42 for B. tenuis – see Supporting Information ), which results in a paraphyletic species under the currently proposed nomenclature. It is also notable that the old divergences associated with the central division are not correlated with any obvious morphological differentiation (Bertaco & Malabarba, ; Camelier, Menezes, Costa‐Silva, & Oliveira, ). The variation observed among taxa and geographic divisions could be viewed as evidence of divergence along a speciation continuum, where differentiation might be observed in a limited set of characters in some cases or across multiple traits, as expected as isolation persists (see Huang & Knowles, ).…”

Molecular and morphological diversity in species of Kronichthys (Teleostei, Loricariidae) from Atlantic coastal rivers of Brazil

“…Two main biogeographic processes explain events of geodispersal along the coastal rivers of southeastern Brazil: (a) headwater capture, a geomorphological process by which the river flow is diverted into the neighbouring basin (Bishop, 1995;Ribeiro, 2006;Roxo et al, 2014), and (b) Pleistocene paleodrainages, connections among coastal river systems during periods of marine regression (Dias et al, 2014;Thomaz et al, 2015;Thomaz & Knowles, 2018). Faunal interchanges because of headwater captures in southeastern Brazil have often been reported for several clades of Neotropical freshwater fishes (Camelier et al, 2018;Ribeiro, 2006) including loricariids (Lima et al, 2017;Roxo et al, 2014). The phylogeographic pattern observed in the loricariid Pareiorhaphis garbei is explained by headwater captures between the São João basin and the rivers draining the Guanabara Bay in RJ (Lima et al, 2017).…”

“…Those molecular studies along with time-calibrated phylogenies have been used as a framework for biogeographic assumptions for coastal and inland loricariid taxa across the Serra do Mar mountain range in the Atlantic coast of Brazil (Roxo et al, 2014(Roxo et al, , 2019. Headwater captures and connections on the exposed continental shelf during sea-level fluctuations represent two frequently reported hypotheses explaining species diversification in that region (Albert & Reis, 2011;Ribeiro, 2006;Roxo et al, 2014;Thomaz & Knowles, 2018) that are supported by phylogeographic studies with freshwater fishes (Angrizani & Malabarba, 2018;Camelier et al, 2018;Lima et al, 2017;Thomaz et al, 2015;Wendt et al, 2019). Because of species endemicity and restricted distribution to the drainages of the Brazilian Shield, Kronichthys represents another model to study biogeographic processes underlying species diversification in the Serra do Mar mountain range.…”