Important freshwater systems found in arid areas range from springs to waterholes and rivers�� Periods of extreme aridity in the Pleistocene, especially during the last glacial period, resulted in the drying of most freshwater systems apart from a few permanent water holes and artesian springs�� The present composition of the freshwater molluscan fauna reflects this history and is a mix of recent recolonisers and relictual taxa�� A database of 5,047 records of freshwater molluscs was compiled from museum records for continental Australia and interrogated for the purposes of examining distributional trends for inland arid and semi-arid Australia�� Endemism and species richness were examined at species, genus and family level�� Of the 125 species-group taxa included in the analysis, 42 (33�� 6%) are narrow-range endemics (occupying three or fewer 10 km 2 grid squares�� Of these endemics, 33 (78�� 6% of the narrow range endemics and 26�� 4% of the remaining taxa are found only in artesian springs associated with the Great Artesian Basin�� In addition to molluscs, these springs contain many other indigenous aquatic invertebrates and fishes and several rare or indigenous plants�� A few large permanent waterholes also contain endemic taxa�� Most molluscs found in intermittent waters adopt strategies to avoid desiccation or to facilitate dispersal and are generally widely distributed�� The presence of molluscan and other (fishes, turtles) endemics in some large arid zone waterholes suggests that those habitats may have persisted through the last glacial�� The continued existence of many of these habitats, and thus their inhabitants, is under threat from human activities relating to water use and modification of habitats��