“…From a comparative morphological perspective, this information is not only relevant to the evolution of armor within the threespine stickleback radiation (e.g., partially armored freshwater, fully armored anadromous), but also could form the basis for comparison with other stickleback species that have lateral plates (e.g., Brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans, ninespine stickleback, Pungitius pungitius) (Mattern, 2004). Micro-computed tomography (lCT) was employed to create full three-dimensional images of the dorsal spines and basal plate, lateral plates, pelvic girdle and spines and to assess structural and material properties such as the spatial distribution of thickness, the cross-sectional geometry, plateto-plate interconnections and overlap, bone mineral density, and images of disassembled armor components with dorsal spines (top), lateral plates (center), and pelvic girdle/spines (bottom) in rest position.…”