Mayr, G. 2016. Variations in the hypotarsus morphology of birds and their evolutionary significance -Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 97: 196-210. Crown group (neornithine birds) exhibit a great variation in the morphology of the hypotarsus, a structure on the proximal end of the tarsometatarsus, which guides the tendons of the flexor muscles of the toes. Hypotarsus morphology is of significance for the identification of fossil taxa, and several extant groups show characteristic patterns that are of phylogenetic interest. So far, however, the diversity of hypotarsus morphologies has been little studied, and there are no comprehensive studies across all neornithine birds. In particular, the identities of the involved canals and sulci remain elusive, and some confusion exists about their correct homologies. In this study, hypotarsus morphologies are for the first time surveyed among all extant birds, and basic patterns are characterized. Instances are identified, in which particular hypotarsus morphologies are correlated with certain locomotion types, inferences are made about possible ancestral morphologies, and some patterns of phylogenetic interest are discussed.Osteological comparisons are based on skeletons in the collection of the Senckenberg Research Institute Frankfurt and the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH; few passerines). In many cases, identification of the number of tendons running through particular canals or sulci was facilitated by the examination of incompletely macerated specimens with the dried tendons still in place. For Phalacrocorax carbo, tendinal identity was verified by dissection of a fresh bird. Particular attention has been paid to the selection of adult birds for the examination of hypotarsus morphology.
Examined skeletonsConcerning extant taxa, the bony hypotarsus of the following taxa was studied (the sequence of non-passeriform taxa follows Cracraft 2013):Comparative hypotarsus morphology Mayr Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 97: 196-210 (April 2016)