Molecular-resolution images of Langmuir–Blodgett films using atomic force microscopy

Meyer, Ernst; Howald, L.; Overney, René M.; Heinzelmann, H.; Frommer, Jane; Güntherodt, H.‐J.; Wagner, T.; Schier, Hermann; Roth, S.

doi:10.1038/349398a0

Cited by 223 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Physically, this result implies that mechanisms related to bond formation and rupture in the long range, i.e. chemical and physical reactivity, and long range capillary interactions, amongst other phenomena, cannot be fully probed with (2). Furthermore, it can be shown 66 that the energy dissipation eqn (4) misses similar phenomena.…”

Section: 128mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…110 Second, there might be a missing region in d m due to bistability. 63,111,112 Third, due to the derivation of (2), where A is assumed to be constant during the measurements, 57 errors from variations in A might follow when acquiring data in AM AFM and by employing (2). 64 It has been shown via numerical integration however that errors in the recovery of F c in AM AFM, and with the use of (2) and (3), might be 5% or less.…”

Section: This Approximation Is Reasonablementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, the data show that when hysteretic forces presenting the d on À d off mechanism are present, in the metastable region (2) recovers the force of the tip-approach path only and not that of tip retraction. That is, the conservative force according to (2) is the exact path of tip approach. Physically, this result implies that mechanisms related to bond formation and rupture in the long range, i.e.…”

Section: 128mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 has been discussed by employing the standard method for force reconstruction in FM AFM (2). Nevertheless, the outcome is general for methods, such as that in (2), that depend on inversion of the integral equation of motion and the minimum distance of approach d m , and that have the standard assumptions involving even and odd functions of distance. 59,62,63 In summary, ambiguity arises in terms of the value, and even the meaning, of conservative force in the presence of hysteretic forces.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Single cycle and transient force measurements in dynamic atomic force microscopy

Gadelrab¹,

Santos²,

Font

et al. 2013

Nanoscale

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The monitoring of the deflection of a micro-cantilever, as the end of a sharp probe mounted at its end, i.e. the tip, interacts with a surface, forms the foundation of atomic force microscopy AFM. In a nutshell, developments in the field are driven by the requirement of obtaining ever increasing throughput and sensitivity, and enhancing the versatility of the instrument to simultaneously map the topography and quantify nanoscale processes and properties. In the most common dynamic mode of operation, the motion of the driven cantilever is monitored at a single point on its longitudinal axis. Here, we show that from this single point a waveform is obtained that contains all the details about conservative and dissipative interactions. Then a formalism that accounts for multiple arbitrary flexural modes is developed for an indirectly driven cantilever. The formalism is shown to allow recovery of the details of the interaction even in the presence of complex and relevant hysteretic forces when the cantilever oscillates in the steady state. In a different approach, we develop a formalism that monitors the wave profile of the cantilever, i.e. the waveform at five different points on its longitudinal axis. With this formalism the interaction can be reconstructed during a single oscillation cycle even in the transient state of oscillation. Finally, we discuss the potential and advantages of the proposed methods and future technical challenges. Other standard and state of the art techniques and methods are also discussed and compared with the ones presented here. This work should also provide insight into the current high throughput-high sensitivity developments dealing with multifrequency dynamic AFM where information is recovered from multiple eigenmodes.

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Section: 128mentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: This Approximation Is Reasonablementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 128mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Single cycle and transient force measurements in dynamic atomic force microscopy

Gadelrab¹,

Santos²,

Font

et al. 2013

Nanoscale

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“…AFM has been employed in the study of organic systems, especially polymeric films on solid inorganic substrates. 70,71 Measurements were taken using a DI Dimension 3100 scanning probe microscope using silicon probes with a nominal tip radius of 7 nm.…”

Section: Atomic Force Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of antirelaxation coatings for alkali-metal vapor cells using surface science techniques

Seltzer¹,

Michalak²,

Donaldson³

et al. 2010

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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Many technologies based on cells containing alkali-metal atomic vapor benefit from the use of anti-relaxation surface coatings in order to preserve atomic spin polarization. In particular, paraffin has been used for this purpose for several decades and has been demonstrated to allow an atom to experience up to 10,000 collisions with the walls of its container without depolarizing, but the details of its operation remain poorly understood. We apply modern surface and bulk techniques to the study of paraffin coatings, in order to characterize the properties that enable the effective preservation of alkali spin polarization. These methods include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, atomic force microscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We also compare the light-induced atomic desorption yields of several different paraffin materials. Experimental results include the determination that crystallinity of the coating material is unnecessary, and the detection of C=C double bonds present within a particular class of effective paraffin coatings. Further study should lead to the development of more robust paraffin anti-relaxation coatings, as well as the design and synthesis of new classes of coating materials.

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Colloids

Bleier¹

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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A colloid is a finely dispersed material, having a high surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio. It is usually a solid particle, but it may be a liquid droplet or a gas bubble. The differences in composition, structure, and interactions between the surface atoms or molecules and those on the interior impart colloids with diverse physicochemical properties that generally deviate from those of both the constituent atoms or molecules and the macroscopic material. Many technological problems relate to the behavior of colloids, especially those dispersed in a liquid or gaseous fluid. Commercial examples include metals, magnetic powders, catalysts, ceramics, minerals, oil recovery, technical glasses, paints and pigments, polymers, pulp and paper, prepared foods, pharmaceuticals, fibers, detergents, and purified water. Natural and biological systems can also depend on the behavior of colloids, and soil science and plant nutrition, meteorology, hematology, membrane science, and medical technology furnish numerous examples. Thus the ubiquity and importance of colloids have made the ability to control their formation, destruction, or stabilization a critical problem, irrespective of whether the colloidal material is deemed desirable or undesirable. This article addresses the physical and chemical properties of colloidal materials, their widespread applications, and the hazards associated with finely dispersed particulates.

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Molecular-resolution images of Langmuir–Blodgett films using atomic force microscopy

Cited by 223 publications

References 23 publications

Single cycle and transient force measurements in dynamic atomic force microscopy

Single cycle and transient force measurements in dynamic atomic force microscopy

Investigation of antirelaxation coatings for alkali-metal vapor cells using surface science techniques

Colloids

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