International medical collaborations, previously known as ''medical missionary work,'' have existed for centuries.As aptly described by Panosian and Coates, 1 historical motivations for this type of outreach included the desire to spread ''religion as well as compassionate care.'' The term ''medical missionary'' has endured over the years because of this history, and is therefore used in this commentary, but it is not intended to carry any paternalistic implications. Today, we see many programs (although one easily could argue that the supply is nowhere near close to meeting the demand), coordinated by individuals as well as by entire healthcare institutions and schools, that feature students, trainees, nurses, and physicians from developed areas of the world donating their time, expertise, and resources to medically underserved communities. These programs are mutually beneficial and enlightening.Medical missionary-based efforts have witnessed a recent increase in activity related to oncology. Global partnerships in cancer prevention, detection, treatment, and research are expanding in both scope and volume. This growth has been fueled by strengthened recognition of the following issues:• The worldwide cancer burden is rising, 2,3 and the increasing cancer mortality rates are disproportionately felt in mediumand low-income countries.4,5 It is projected that cancer incidence and mortality rates will increase by 1% per year.• Cancer burden varies by geography as well as cultural background, consistent with evidence that risk factors for selected cancers include some that are modifiable, such as those related to diet and lifestyle, or exposure to particular infectious or viral agents.• Cancer burden varies by race/ethnicity, suggesting that the pathogenesis of some cancers may have hereditary components associated with ancestral background; international oncology research programs may therefore improve insights related to hereditary components of some cancers.• Regardless of cancer etiology, outcome will be completely dependent on access to appropriate diagnosis and treatment.• As westernized lifestyles and diet are increasingly adopted in underdeveloped countries, the cancer burden associated with the more industrialized societies (such as breast and colorectal cancer) is also becoming more prominent in the poorer countries, but with a notable and tragic lag in acquisition of early detection and treatment advances for these cancers. This results in even larger-magnitude disparities in cancer outcome between affluent and impoverished parts of the world Disparities in cancer screening, treatment and outcome between different populations have prompted many groups to provide support to developing countries via medical ''missionary'' services, as well as the conduct of cancer research and clinical trials. Launching cancer research programs in collaboration with developing countries has vital importance, but it requires patience, dedication, and attention to logistic details that do not necessarily arise in the course o...