Molecular Structure of the Aluminum Halides, Al₂Cl₆, AlCl₃, Al₂Br₆, AlBr₃, and AlI₃, Obtained by Gas-Phase Electron-Diffraction and ab Initio Molecular Orbital Calculations

Abstract

Gas-phase electron-diffraction (GED) data together with results from ab initio molecular orbital and normal coordinate calculations have been used to determine the structures of the aluminum trihalides AlX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) and the chloride and bromide dimers Al2Cl6 and Al2Br6. No monomeric species were detected in the vapors of Al2Cl6 at the experimental temperature of 150 °C, nor in Al2Br6 at167 °C, but the vapors of AlCl3 at 400 °C and AlBr3 at 330 °C contained respectively 29 (3)% and 7 (4)% dimer and the AlI3 at 300 °C about 8% I2. The known equilibrium symmetry of the dimers is D 2 h , but the molecules have a very low-frequency, large-amplitude, ring-puckering mode that lowers the thermal average symmetry to C 2 v . The effect of this large-amplitude mode on the interatomic distances was handled by dynamic models of the structures which consisted of a set of pseudoconformers spaced at even intervals along the ring-puckering angle 2Φ. The ring-puckering potential was assumed to be V(Φ) = V 4 0Φ4 + V 2 0Φ2, and the individual pseudoconformers were given Boltzmann weights. The structures were defined in terms of the geometrically consistent r α space constraining the differences between corresponding bond distances and bond angles in the different pseudoconformers to values obtained from ab initio calculations at the HF/6-311G(d) level. Results for the principal distances (r g/Å), angles (∠α,θ/deg), and potential constants (V i 0/kcal mol deg-1) from the combined GED/ab initio study for Al2Cl6/Al2Br6 with estimated 2σ uncertainties are Al−Xb = 2.250(3)/2.433(7), Al−Xt = 2.061(2)/2.234(4), XbAlXb = 90.0(8)/91.6(6), XtAlXt = 122.1(31)/122.1(31), 〈θ〉 = 180 − 2Φ = 165.5(59)/158.2(91), V 4 0 = 0.0/75.0 (assumed), V 2 0 = 25.0/0.0 (assumed). The potential constants could not be refined; although the single-term values listed provide good fits, in each case combinations of quadratic and quartic terms also worked well. For the monomers AlCl3, AlBr3, and AlI3 (D 3 h symmetry assumed in r α space) the distances (r g/Å) with estimated 2σ uncertainties are Al−Cl = 2.062(3), Al−Br = 2.221(3), and Al−I = 2.459(5) Å. Vibrational force fields were evaluated for all molecules. The experimental, theoretical, and vibrational results are discussed.

Energetics of hydride and electron pair attachment to EX30/+ (E=B, C, Al, Si and X=F, Cl, Br, I) and the study of bonding trends among EX30/+, EX32−/−, and EX3H−/0 by use of ELF and NBO analyses

“…All optimized geometries are in excellent agreement with available experimental [1,2,51] and previously calculated [5,38,49,[51][52][53][54][55] values. The calculated E-X bond length is systematically longer in EX 3 2À/À than in EX 3 0/+ , and is consistent with the greater E-X bond polarity that is anticipated for an anion in which the E atom is in a lower formal oxidation state.…”

C−H Activation by AlCl Monomers: Characterization of HAl(Cl)CH3 as the Product of the Photoactivated Reaction Between AlCl and CH4 in a Solid Ar Matrix at 12 K

“…125 pm and up to more than 180 pm. [31] Finally, electron diffraction measurements yielded an AlϪCl distance of 206.2(3) pm in monomeric AlCl 3 (which is in equilibrium with its dimer in the gas-phase at 400°C), [32] which is reasonably close to that calculated for HAl(Cl)CH 3 (212.7 pm). Thus the dimensions derived for HAl(Cl)CH 3 from quantum chemical calculations are wholly reasonable.…”

Theoretical studies on vibrational spectra of some aluminum halides: Effect of theoretical methods and basis sets

“…1. The selected geometrical parameters for the optimized structures are given in Tables 1 and 2 , along with the available experimental data [22,33,34]. In the optimized geometries of AlX 3 , the central aluminum (III) ion is coordinated by three halogen atoms, resulting in a trigonal planar configuration with D 3h symmetry, while the dimeric complex, Al 2 X 6 , the optimized structures display the planar central ring with two AlX 4 tetrahedrons sharing a common edge with a ca.…”