Molecular Systematics and Biogeography of Aridland Gnatcatchers (GenusPolioptila) and Evidence Supporting Species Status of the California Gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica)

Zink, Robert M.; Blackwell, Rachelle C.

doi:10.1006/mpev.1997.0444

Cited by 67 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…There is a high A+T content in CR (68.86%), which increases the possibility of transversion from A to T, causing a decrease of transition/transversion values (Desalle et al, 1987), although transitions/ transversions did not reach saturation in these five species, and a more accurate deduction of evolving rate should be based on transversions-only. Previously, a rapid evolution rate (5-to 10-fold or 2.8 to 5 times) of CR was supported by some authors (Aquadro and Greenburg, 1983;Cann et al, 1984), while other studies suggested that CR evolves at approximately the same rate as Cyt b transitions (Zink and Blackwell, 1998). Ruokonen and Kvist (2002), stydying the avian CR, revealed that the control region was not always the most variable region of the mtDNA; there were differences in the rate of divergence among the lineages.…”

Section: Considerations Of Evolution Ratementioning

confidence: 84%

“…Some authors have estimated that CR evolves at a 5-to 10-fold higher substitution rate compared to the rest of the mtDNA sequences in the study of human mtDNA (Aquadro and Greenberg, 1983). However, CR has been found to have approximately the same transition rate as the cytochrome b gene (Cyt b) in research on the gnatcatcher (Zink and Blackwell, 1998). Evidence about lower evolving rate of mtDNA in turtles than in other vertebrates has been accumulated (Avise et al, 1992;Lamb et al, 1994), and it is worth considering whether CR evolves at a more rapid rate than other mtDNA sequences in turtle groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of complete mitochondrial DNA control regions among five Asian freshwater turtle species and their phylogenetic relationships

Jiang¹,

Nie²,

Huang³

et al. 2011

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control regions (CR), cytochrome b (Cyt b), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) and cytochrome coxidase subunit I (CO I) genes of four Asian freshwater turtles, Mauremys japonica, Ocadia sinensis, M. mutica, and Annamemys annamensis, were sequenced using universal PCR and long-PCR techniques. Combined with CR sequences of Chinemys reevesii, the composition and structure of CR of the five species were compared and analyzed. Three functional domains (TAS, CD and CSB) in CR and their conserved sequences (TAS, CSB-F, CSB-1, CSB-2, and CSB-3) were identified based on sequence similarity to those of other turtles. At the 3' end of CSB, six type motifs of variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) of five species were recognized, in which the TTATATTA motif may be the VNTR motif of the ancestral species of these five turtles. Comparison of nucleotide divergences among Cyt b, ND4, CO I, and CR of 11 turtle species using transitions + transversions and transversions-only methods supported the conclusion that CR evolved 2.6-to 5.7-fold faster than the other mtDNA genes. After excluding VNTRs of CR, molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The results supported an expanded clade of Mauremys, which included species formerly in Ocadia, Chinemys, Mauremys, and Annamemys; this was also reflected in the results of VNTR analysis.

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Section: Considerations Of Evolution Ratementioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of complete mitochondrial DNA control regions among five Asian freshwater turtle species and their phylogenetic relationships

Jiang¹,

Nie²,

Huang³

et al. 2011

Genet. Mol. Res.

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“…The gnatcatchers differ from the warblers in at least two important ways, namely they are sedentary (the warblers are migratory), and they are very different genetically. In particular, the nucleotide divergence between the species is almost 5% at a mitochondrial DNA gene (Zink and Blackwell 1998). Molecular evolutionists believe that DNA substitutions occur in a roughly clock-like manner, and given some standard calibrations of the rate of mtDNA evolution in birds, it is likely that the two gnatcatcher species last shared a common ancestor over a million years ago.…”

Section: Two Case Studies Of the Role Of Allopatry In Bird Speciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Geography of Speciation: Case Studies from Birds

Zink

2012

Evo Edu Outreach

Self Cite

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Our understanding of the origin of species, or speciation, is sometimes viewed as incomplete, a "mystery of mysteries." We in fact know a lot about speciation, especially when we consider its two basic components, the geography of speciation and the biology of speciation (changes in phenotype and genotype that occur during the process). Our understanding of the geography of speciation is quite clear. The process involves the separation of a once-continuous range into two or more geographically isolated, or allopatric parts, which over time accrue genetic changes that result in new daughter species. Current distributions show that recently evolved species are currently allopatric, supporting the role of allopatry in speciation. However, many species originated in the early-to midPleistocene, meaning that they persisted through the environmental perturbations of multiple glacial cycles. It has been assumed that species maintained allopatric distributions during these episodes of glacial advance and retreat. I used Grinnelian niche models to estimate species distributions at the Last Glacial Maximum and the Last Interglacial. For a pair of recently isolated warbler species, and a pair of relatively old sister species of gnatcatchers, allopatry was observed at all time periods. Thus, there is no mystery about the geography of speciation: at least in birds, allopatry predominates. The sentiment that speciation is mysterious comes, I argue, from the biological species concept, which requires populations to be reproductively isolated before recognizing them as species. Reproductive isolation is a complicated process that rarely occurs the same way twice, and I argue that this lack of generality has been misinterpreted as a mystery.Keywords Species concepts . Speciation . Allopatry . Niche models Speciation, or the origin of species, is often called Darwin's "mystery of mysteries." In fact, Via (2009:9939) remarked "The origin of species is only slightly less mysterious now than it was 150 years ago when Darwin published his famous book." In part, this characterization is discouraging because in fact we know a great deal about how new species form. I believe that the perception that speciation is a mystery stems from the definition of species themselves. Various species concepts differ in their complexity and the types of biological changes considered necessary and sufficient to judge that speciation has occurred. The more complicated the species concept, the more mysterious speciation becomes. To dismantle the perception that speciation is mysterious, it is useful to divide the origin of species into two components, which we might for simplicity call the geography and the biology of speciation (Bush 1975). In this essay, I concentrate on our understanding of the geography of speciation in birds, arguably one of the best known vertebrate groups. I show that geography of speciation is straightforward under all species concepts, and that in fact speciation is only mysterious under certain definitions of species. ...

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“…27) was of this species. In his text, Cassin (1856: 163) See Zink and Blackwell (1998) for a recent study of mitochondrial DNA in this and related species of Polioptila.…”

Section: Polioptila Melanura Lawrencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…See Zimmer (1942: 2) for a discussion of this form and Zink and Blackwell (1998) for recent DNA studies of this species.…”

Section: Garrulax Monachus Swinhoementioning

confidence: 99%

Type Specimens of Birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 6. Passeriformes: Prunellidae, Turdidae, Orthonychidae, Timaliidae, Paradoxornithidae, Picathartidae, and Polioptilidae

LeCroy¹

2005

Bull Mus Nat Hist

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Molecular Systematics and Biogeography of Aridland Gnatcatchers (GenusPolioptila) and Evidence Supporting Species Status of the California Gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica)

Cited by 67 publications

References 28 publications

Comparison of complete mitochondrial DNA control regions among five Asian freshwater turtle species and their phylogenetic relationships

Comparison of complete mitochondrial DNA control regions among five Asian freshwater turtle species and their phylogenetic relationships

The Geography of Speciation: Case Studies from Birds

Type Specimens of Birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 6. Passeriformes: Prunellidae, Turdidae, Orthonychidae, Timaliidae, Paradoxornithidae, Picathartidae, and Polioptilidae

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