The nature of chlorophyll interactions with copper(II) ions varies considerably in organic solvents, depending on the dominant coordinative form. Besides formation of the metallo tetrapyrrolic complex, Cu(II) ions can cause oxidation of the pigment, reversible or irreversible, which can lead to the destruction of the macrocyclic structure. All these reaction types can be distinguished within a quite narrow range of reaction conditions. The ability to form new metallo derivatives in either metalation or transmetalation reactions is obviously limited by the concentration of the potential oxidant, but can be secured below this level via suitable composition of the reaction system. The decisive factor in the selection of a specific reaction pathway is the presence of a potential ligand that can affect the reactivity of Cu(II) for example by shifting its redox potential. Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies were performed in order to determine the predominant species of Cu(II) in methanol, nitromethane and acetonitrile in the presence of chloride and acetate ions, as well as to assign their appropriate oxidizing ability. This allowed us to estimate the boundary conditions for the electron transfer processes in chlorophyll-Cu(II) systems. Chlorophyll and its free base can undergo both types of electron transfer processes, however, they reveal different susceptibilities that make this class of ligands quite versatile markers in tuning the reactivity of metal ions in solutions.
IntroductionInteractions of chlorophylls (Chls; including chlorophyll a, Chla, its free base pheophytin a, Pheoa, and other derivatives) with metal ions, although not strictly related to their basic biological functions, are important for proper metabolism of the photosynthetic pigment. They are decisive not only in biosynthesis of Chla (Fig. 1) at the stage of enzyme-driven Mg 2+ incorporation into protoporphyrin IX (3,7,12,17-tetramethyl-8,13-divinyl-2,18-porphinedipropionic acid), [1][2][3][4] but also in the spontaneous substitution of metal ions occurring in plants growing on soils contaminated by heavy metals. 5 The latter effect, observed clearly for Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ and Hg 2+ , results in the irreversible loss of photosynthetic abilities. [5][6][7] In recent years, deeper insight into the mechanisms of metal ion -Chl interactions has become important also for the development of procedures for modification and synthesis of new tetrapyrrolic complexes in terms of their potential biomedical applications. [8][9][10] Although the primary function of chlorophylls is related to electron transfer processes, their occurrence in biological systems is not due to pigment interactions with redox-active metal ions. Properties of natural photosystems,
View Article OnlineView Journal | View Issue including the composition of endogenous ligands, prevent degradation of the pigment's macrocyclic structure in the presence of Cu 2+ and other potential metallic oxidants.Displacement of the chlorophyllic central ion in vivo is limited to a few me...