Molecular typing of the local HIV-1 epidemic in Serbia

Comparison of Demographic, Epidemiological, Immunological, and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with HIV Mono-infection Versus Patients Co-infected with HCV or/and HBV: A Serbian Cohort Study

“…The duration of the recorded HIV epidemic in Serbia is similar to the one in Western European countries, with changing dynamics in respect to the most prevalent mode of transmission -from initially recognized and prevailing among IVDUs in the mid-eighties to the lately mostly spreading in the MSM population [76]. Although considered as low prevalence country, the number of new cases is constantly growing and the epidemic in Serbia is among the most abundant in the region [77].…”

Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in Europe: An overview

“…In the Balkan states (Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Fyrom), Montenegro and Slovenia but excluding Albania, Romania and Greece), both the epidemiology and prevalence of the various HIV-1 clades are similar to Central Europe and subtype B predominates in MSM (Mezei et al, 2006;Siljic et al, 2013). Other subtypes, particularly recombinant subtypes, have been increasing their prevalence since the beginning of the 21st century.…”

“…Although B clade still predominates, with higher prevalence among women and PWID, there are several clades (A1, B, C, F1 and H) and CRFs (namely CRFs; 01_AE, 02_AG, 04_cpx, 05_DF, 14_BG, and 36_cpx) circulating among MSM and PWID, increasing the HIV-1 epidemic heterogeneity Ivanov et al, 2013). In Serbia non-B clades (i.e G, C, A, F, CRF01 and CRF02) has mainly been transmitted heterosexually (Siljic et al, 2013;Stanojevic et al, 2002). In Montenegro there is a low prevalence of subtype A and C viruses.…”

Ten Years Survey of Primary HIV-1 Resistance in Serbia: The Occurrence of Multiclass Resistance

“…14 Regarding HIV subtype distribution, a recent study has confirmed previous findings about the predominance of subtype B (over 90%), with other subtypes also present. 16,17 In Serbia, antiretroviral therapy (ART) was introduced in 1987. A number of factors potentially facilitating wider development of HIV drug resistance existed in Serbia: periodic limited access to laboratory monitoring of viral load and drug resistance testing leading to prolonged exposure to probably failing regimens, as well as limited options for sequential antiviral therapy, if required.…”