Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensors for the Detection of Skeletal- and Cardiac-Muscle-Related Analytes

Abstract

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic polymers with specific binding sites that present high affinity and spatial and chemical complementarities to a targeted analyte. They mimic the molecular recognition seen naturally in the antibody/antigen complementarity. Because of their specificity, MIPs can be included in sensors as a recognition element coupled to a transducer part that converts the interaction of MIP/analyte into a quantifiable signal. Such sensors have important applications in the biomedical field in diagnosis and drug discovery, and are a necessary complement of tissue engineering for analyzing the functionalities of the engineered tissues. Therefore, in this review, we provide an overview of MIP sensors that have been used for the detection of skeletal- and cardiac-muscle-related analytes. We organized this review by targeted analytes in alphabetical order. Thus, after an introduction to the fabrication of MIPs, we highlight different types of MIP sensors with an emphasis on recent works and show their great diversity, their fabrication, their linear range for a given analyte, their limit of detection (LOD), specificity, and reproducibility. We conclude the review with future developments and perspectives.

A reagentless molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical biosensor for single-step detection of troponin I in biofluids

“…Amongst the washing solutions for the removal of TnI, both 0.5 M acetic acid (A′) and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) showed promising results in comparison with other washing solutions based on the literature. 60,71,72 Herein, HCl resulted in a lower K d value (1.7527 pg mL −1 ) compared to Acetic A′ (3.3285 pg mL −1 ), showing superior affinity of the MIP, created using HCl, towards TnI. In addition, HCl brought about a better B max of 1.0168 in comparison with 0.4858 for Acetic A′, indicating nearly double imprinted sites available for TnI in comparison with Acetic A′ (Fig.…”

“…21–23 However, electrochemical transducers possess advantages compared to other transducers due to their capability of providing real-time measurements, ultrasensitivity, simplicity, and potential to be easily miniaturized. 24–26 Electrochemical detection of TnI has been studied in previous works by employing biorecognition elements (BREs), including aptamers, 27–31 antibodies, 32–37 MIPs, 38–43 and peptides. 44,45 MIPs have been shown to possess some advantages in comparison with other BREs owing to their chemical stability, scalability, easy fabrication, and cost efficacy.…”

Molecularly imprinted biomimetic SPR sensor decorated with gold nanoparticles for selective and sensitive detection of bisphenol A

“…Due to their great stability, excellent selectivity, and low cost, MIPs are thought to be a potential material for use as recognition elements for molecules [23][24][25][26][27][28]. The applications of SPR biosensors, which are characterized by rapid response, reliability and high performance, and have tremendous potential for label-free, real-time monitoring of various biomolecular interactions, have attracted great attention in recent years [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38].…”