Molecularly imprinted polymer nanocarriers for recognition and sustained release of diclofenac

Abstract

In this study, a series of imprinted poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) nanocarriers for diclofenac and corresponding nonimprinted polymer nanocarriers have been synthesized in 4 different types of solvents by precipitation polymerization. The products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurement. Results showed that uniformly sized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanospheres with relatively good porosity could only be obtained in acetonitrile. The effects of solvents on the recognition and release properties of polymer particles were also carefully investigated. The binding experiments indicated that MIPs prepared in acetonitrile displayed much higher binding capacity than other MIPs with a maximum binding capacity of 65.18 mg g −1 . The Scatchard analysis showed that synthetic MIPs have special recognition sites for diclofenac, while nonimprinted polymers have not. The Sips model could provide a best fit to the equilibrium data of nanocarriers over whole concentrations. The experimental data of an adsorption kinetic study were well fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating the chemisorption mechanism between diclofenac and MIPs in the process of adsorption. The drug release of diclofenac from MIPs could well be described by the Ritger-Peppas model, suggesting a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. In addition, we successfully used MIPs to extract diclofenac at low levels from fetal bovine serum.

Selective removal of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) from urban water cycle via Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs): Potential of upscaling and enabling reclaimed water reuse

“…Once the critical mass is reached, the polymer is no longer solubilized and precipitates as spherical particles. In this way, the size and the porosity of the spherical particles are easily controlled by choosing the appropriate reaction mixture [95], but with the possibility that the monomer and the template could be irreversibly solubilized causing a partial loss of the reagents and hence a decrease of the polymerization yield [96]. Another option is represented by the emulsion polymerization in which two immiscible solvents are used in the presence of a stabilizing surfactant to obtain small droplets (micelles) inside which the polymerization reaction takes place [97].…”

“…In addition to the factors affecting the solubility of the monomers and templates in the chosen solvent, also the selectivity of the monomers towards the CECs has to be taken into account. For example, methacrylic acid [95] and 2-vinyl pyridine [65] were used in similar synthesis, through precipitation polymerization, for the selective removal of diclofenac but, due to the different chemical interactions between the monomers and the diclofenac, the two obtained polymers exhibited different adsorption efficiencies, around 65 mg/g and 350 mg/g, respectively. Another example is given by Huang et al [108], who described the synthesis of two different MIPs for the selective extraction of quercetin, through bulk polymerization using two monomers, 4-vinylpirydine (MIP-4VP) and acrylamide (MIP-AM).…”

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) as Theranostic Systems for Sunitinib Controlled Release and Self-Monitoring in Cancer Therapy

“…In this way, Drug Loading Content (DLC) and Drug Loading Efficiency (DLE) were determined according to Equations In vitro release studies were carried out in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 (10 −3 M) according to the dialysis bag diffusion technique [23]. For this purpose, 20 mg of SUT loaded particles were immersed in 1 mL of PBS and placed in a dialysis tube, which was sealed at each end with clamps.…”

“…Equation 14is used successfully for the analysis of the first 60% of the release profiles [38]. In order to explore the kinetics of the in vitro drug release and to understand the mechanism of the release process from the prepared device, different kinetic models, such as zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Ritger-Peppas, were applied according to the following Equations (12-15, respectively) [23]:…”

Influence of the Fraction of Comonomers and Diluents on the Preparation of Polymeric Microspheres Based on Poly (Methacrylic acid-co-divinylbenzene) Obtained by Precipitation Polymerization

“…The results showed good morphology, monodispersity, and high adsorption capacity and excellent selectivity to the target molecule, metronidazole. Zeng et al (2018) 11 also imprinted poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) nanocarriers for recognition and sustained release of diclofenac in four different types of solvents. Results showed that uniformly sized nanospheres with relatively good porosity could only be obtained in acetonitrile.…”