Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Solid-Phase Microextraction Fibers for the Isolation of Selected Antibiotics from Human Plasma

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the synthesis of novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-coated polythiophene and poly(3-methylthiophene) solid-phase microextraction fibers using the direct electropolymerization method. Synthesized SPME fibers were characterized with the use of various physicochemical instrumental techniques. MIP-SPME coatings were successfully applied to carry out the selective extraction of selected antibiotic drugs (amoxicillin, cefotaxime, metronidazole) and their metabolites (amoxycilloic acid, amoxicillin diketopiperazine, desacetyl cefotaxime, 3-desacetyl cefotaxime lactone, hydroxymetronidazole). Solid-phase microextraction parameters for the simultaneous determination and identification of target compounds were optimized using the central composite design (CCD), and they accounted for 5–15 min for desorption time, 3–10 for the pH of the desorption solvent, and 30–100 μL for the volume of the desorption solvent. High-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (MS) detectors such as quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF MS) and triple quadrupole (QqQ MS) were applied to determine and to identify selected antibiotic drugs and their metabolites. The MIP-coated SPME are suitable for the selective extraction of target compounds in biological samples from patients in intensive care units.

Latest Improvements and Expanding Applications of Solid-Phase Microextraction

“…These prepared bio-SPME fibers have been used for the therapeutic drug monitoring of tranexamic acid (TXA) from plasma and urine of patients with chronic renal dysfunction, as well as the rapid determinations of four relevant immunosuppressive drugs (tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus, and cyclosporine A) in whole human blood . The emerging functional materials provide a good chance for the steadily enhanced extraction of target analytes in human urine and serum, including perylene diimide-POSS network, chitosan nanocomposite incorporated with polyoxomolibdate nanocluster/graphene oxide, HKUST-1, polypyrrole, magnetic Fe 3 O 4 @MIL-101­(Cr) nanoparticles/polyaniline nanocomposite, and molecularly imprinted polymers. − Moreover, the extraction efficiency of self-made SPME fiber can be further enhanced by designing the adsorbents based on the structure property of the target analytes. For efficient extraction of PAHs and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PAHs), a nickel-doped hierarchical porous carbon (Ni/HPC) has been synthesized by carbonizing the polystyrene (PS) infiltrated MOF-74­(Ni).…”

Quinoline Bridging Hyperconjugated Covalent Organic Framework as Solid-Phase Microextraction Coating for Ultrasensitive Determination of Phthalate Esters in Water Samples

“…Among those methods, SPME proposed by Pawliszyn et al is a sample pretreatment approach that integrates sampling, extraction, pre-enrichment, and injection into one step, which has the advantages of high efficiency, simple operation, solvent-free consumption, and reusability. − Up to now, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been widely employed for sample pretreatment in a variety of disciplines, including environmental, food, medicinal, and biological samples, due to its sensitivity and simplicity of quantification. − For all of the SPME applications, the SPME efficiency is critically dependent on the selection of an appropriate coating . Consequently, many different kinds of materials have been used as SPME coatings, including ionic liquids, , metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, , graphene, metal–organic frameworks, , porous organic frameworks, , and molecularly imprinted polymers …”

Mikroekstrakcija čvrstom fazom – inovativni pristup u bioanalitičkim istraživanjima

“…Upotrebom poli-3-metiltiofena postigla se najveća ekstrakcijska učinkovitost za amoksicilin, gentamicin i moksifloksacin, politiofena za cefotaksim, flukonazol i metronidazol te polipi-rola za ciprofloksacin, klindamicin, daptomicin i linezolid (više od 60 %). Polimeri s molekulskim otiskom primjenom elektrokemijske polimerizacije priređeni su također za antibiotike amoksicilin, cefotaksim i metronidazol te njihove metabolite 11. Jedan od čestih nedostataka sorbensa koji se primjenjuju kod tehnike fiber SPME je vezivanje makromolekula prisutnih u biološkim uzorcima na njihova vezna mjesta.…”