Molecularly Imprinted Solid Phase Extraction Aiding the Analysis of Disease Biomarkers

Abstract

Low concentrations of biomarkers as well as the complexity of biological samples make the clinical diagnoses of several diseases a challenging task. Sample preparation protocols remain a fundamental piece in the puzzle of analytical processes, and smart sorbents including molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been successfully used in this case. In this review, we depict the state of art for the rational design of MIPs to be used in solid phase extraction of disease biomarkers from biological samples. The topics are divided into (1) strategies for MIP syntheses, (2) setups for sample preparation protocols with MIPs, (3) the applications of these combined principles in the analyses of different classes of disease biomarkers, and (4) remaining challenges and future trends for the application of Molecular Imprinting Technology in sample preparation for clinical diagnosis.

Rational selection of hidden epitopes for a molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor in the recognition of heat-denatured dengue NS1 protein

“…As an example, reversible covalent bonds (e.g. boronate-based systems) (Silva et al, 2020) aimed at glycosylation sites could be strong enough to hold the analyte during intense washing after incubation, enhancing the removal of interferents before the analysis. At the same time, the pH-reversible character of this bond could also allow a mild regeneration process and several reuses.…”

“…MIP materials are able to mimic the affinity of antibodies to antigens, reproducing a template molecule with structural conformation, regarding the position of functional groups and steric hindrance. Several applications of molecular imprinting technology have been extensively reviewed in the literature (Ertürk and Mattiasson, 2017;Frasco et al, 2017;Ramanavicius and Ramanavicius, 2021;Saylan et al, 2017;Silva et al, 2020).…”

Lipid metabolism analysis in esophageal cancer and associated drug discovery

“…In addition, SPE can be used alone or in combination with LLE and requires the analyte to be adsorbed onto the stationary phase, and then the solution with different elution capacities is used for stepwise elution to achieve lipid separation and enrichment. In general, SPE is often used to extract one or several classes of lipids that need to be studied in depth, especially low-abundance lipids from targeted lipidomics analysis [ 59 ].…”

Magnetic materials as adsorbents for the pre‐concentration and separation of active ingredients from herbal medicine

“…Thus, MIPs are representative of three characteristics: recognition specificity, the universality of application, and structural predictability. In addition, they feature other excellent properties, such as superb physical and chemical stability and economical and convenient synthesis [184][185][186].…”