Molluscan Immunobiology: Challenges in the Anthropocene Epoch

Loker, Eric S.; Bayne, Christopher J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76768-0_12

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 310 publications

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“…A role in isolating mussels from their environment and better counteracting external stressors has been also hypothesized [91]. Excessive mucus excretion may often lead to tissue desiccation and immune dysfunction due to the reduction of the internal mucosal sheath, which acts as a barrier to pathogens and toxins [86,92,93]. The higher secretion of acidic mucosubstances than of neutral ones in ZnCl 2 -exposed mussels has already been described as a mussel's response to metal toxicity [94,95].…”

Section: Mantle Histology and Histochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect-Based Approach to Assess Nanostructured Cellulose Sponge Removal Efficacy of Zinc Ions from Seawater to Prevent Ecological Risks

et al. 2020

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To encourage the applicability of nano-adsorbent materials for heavy metal ion removal from seawater and limit any potential side effects for marine organisms, an ecotoxicological evaluation based on a biological effect-based approach is presented. ZnCl2 (10 mg L−1) contaminated artificial seawater (ASW) was treated with newly developed eco-friendly cellulose-based nanosponges (CNS) (1.25 g L−1 for 2 h), and the cellular and tissue responses of marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis were measured before and after CNS treatment. A control group (ASW only) and a negative control group (CNS in ASW) were also tested. Methods: A significant recovery of Zn-induced damages in circulating immune and gill cells and mantle edges was observed in mussels exposed after CNS treatment. Genetic and chromosomal damages reversed to control levels in mussels’ gill cells (DNA integrity level, nuclear abnormalities and apoptotic cells) and hemocytes (micronuclei), in which a recovery of lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) was also observed. Damage to syphons, loss of cilia by mantle edge epithelial cells and an increase in mucous cells in ZnCl2-exposed mussels were absent in specimens after CNS treatment, in which the mantle histology resembled that of the controls. No effects were observed in mussels exposed to CNS alone. As further proof of CNS’ ability to remove Zn(II) from ASW, a significant reduction of >90% of Zn levels in ASW after CNS treatment was observed (from 6.006 to 0.510 mg L−1). Ecotoxicological evaluation confirmed the ability of CNS to remove Zn from ASW by showing a full recovery of Zn-induced toxicological responses to the levels of mussels exposed to ASW only (controls). An effect-based approach was thus proven to be useful in order to further support the environmentally safe (ecosafety) application of CNS for heavy metal removal from seawater.

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Section: Mantle Histology and Histochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect-Based Approach to Assess Nanostructured Cellulose Sponge Removal Efficacy of Zinc Ions from Seawater to Prevent Ecological Risks

et al. 2020

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“…As is typical of the phylum Mollusca, the gastropod Bg has an innate immune system featuring circulating phagocytic cells called hemocytes, usually of two general types (granulocytes and hyalinocytes) that, in addition to phagocytosing bacteria, can also cooperate to encapsulate and kill larger pathogens like parasite larvae using oxidative and other killing mechanisms (9,(14)(15)(16). Circulating or hemocyte-associated lectins, which can be surprisingly diverse in variety, can opsonize immune targets and enhance the efficacy of hemocytes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Transcriptional Responses of Schistosome-Susceptible (M line) or -Resistant (BS-90) Biomphalaria glabrata Exposed or Not to Schistosoma mansoni Infection

Zhang

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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BackgroundWe seek to provide a comprehensive overview of transcriptomics responses of immune-related features of the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata (Bg) following exposure to Schistosoma mansoni (Sm), a trematode causing human schistosomiasis. Responses of schistosome-susceptible (M line, or SUS) and -resistant (BS-90, or RES) Bg strains were characterized following exposure to Sm for 0.5, 2, 8 or 40 days post-exposure (dpe).MethodsRNA-Seq and differential expression analysis were undertaken on 56 snails from 14 groups. We considered 7 response categories: 1) constitutive resistance factors; 2) constitutive susceptibility factors; 3) generalized stress responses; 4) induced resistance factors; 5) resistance factors suppressed in SUS snails; 6) suppressed/manipulated factors in SUS snails; and 7) tolerance responses in SUS snails. We also undertook a gene co-expression network analysis. Results from prior studies identifying schistosome resistance/susceptibility factors were examined relative to our findings.ResultsA total of 792 million paired-end reads representing 91.2% of the estimated 31,985 genes in the Bg genome were detected and results for the 7 categories compiled and highlighted. For both RES and SUS snails, a single most supported network of genes with highly correlated expression was found.Conclusions1) Several constitutive differences in gene expression between SUS and RES snails were noted, the majority over-represented in RES; 2) There was little indication of a generalized stress response shared by SUS and RES snails at 0.5 or 2 dpe; 3) RES snails mounted a strong, multi-faceted response by 0.5 dpe that carried over to 2 dpe; 4) The most notable SUS responses were at 40 dpe, in snails shedding cercariae, when numerous features were either strongly down-regulated indicative of physiological distress or parasite manipulation, or up-regulated, suggestive of tolerance or survival-promoting effects; 5) Of 55 genes previously identified in genome wide mapping studies, 29 (52.7%) were responsive to Sm, as were many familiar resistance-associated genes (41.0%) identified by other means; 6) Both network analysis and remarkably specific patterns of expression of lectins and G protein-coupled receptors in categories 4, 6 and 7 were indicative of orchestrated responses of different suites of genes in SUS or RES snails following exposure to Sm.

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“…A first defense barrier in metazoans is the integument, a physical barrier that in gastropods is reinforced by the shell and by mucus secretion, which is an energetically costly but considerably effective defense against intruders ( 10 , 35 ). Most gastropods are aquatic, and their gills are a specialized part of the integument continuously swept by the pallial water current ( 23 ) that may also oppose the penetration of intruders.…”

Section: The Ampullariid Immune System From a Morpho-functional Persp...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Beyond the integument, the defense system consists of hemocytes (either resident or circulating) and of humoral factors, which are produced either by the hemocytes themselves or by associated epithelial or connective tissue cells ( 35 ). Hemocytes eliminate or wall off intruders through different processes that overlap to some extent.…”

Section: The Ampullariid Immune System From a Morpho-functional Persp...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The morphological variations of gastropod hemocytes defy any succinct description and classification ( 21 , 35 ). Disagreements may be due to some real differences (e.g., species or developmental differences) but may also result from the different criteria and nomenclatures adopted by researchers.…”

Section: The Ampullariid Immune System From a Morpho-functional Persp...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Dissenters’ View on AppleSnail Immunobiology

2022

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We stand as dissenters against the acceptance of scientific knowledge that has not been built on empirical data. With this in mind, this review synthesizes selected aspects of the immunobiology of gastropods and of apple snails (Ampullariidae) in particular, from morphological to molecular and “omics” studies. Our trip went through more than two centuries of history and was guided by an evo-devo hypothesis: that the gastropod immune system originally developed in the mesenchymal connective tissue of the reno-pericardial complex, and that in that tissue some cells differentiated into hematopoietically committed progenitor cells that integrate constitutive hemocyte aggregations in the reno-pericardial territory, whether concentrated in the pericardium or the kidney in a species-specific manner. However, some of them may be freed from those aggregations, circulate in the blood, and form distant contingent aggregations anywhere in the body, but always in response to intruders (i.e., pathogens or any other immune challenge). After that, we reviewed the incipient immunology of the Ampullariidae by critically revising the findings in Pomacea canaliculata and Marisa cornuarietis, the only ampullariid species that have been studied in this respect, and we attempted to identify the effectors and the processes in which they are involved. Particularly for P. canaliculata, which is by far the most studied species, we ask which hemocytes are involved, in which tissues or organs are integrated, and what cellular reactions to intruders this species has in common with other animals. Furthermore, we wondered what humoral factors could also integrate its internal defense system. Among the cellular defenses, we give an outstanding position to the generation of hemocyte nodules, which seems to be an important process for these snails, serving the isolation and elimination of intruders. Finally, we discuss hematopoiesis in apple snails. There have been contrasting views about some of these aspects, but we envision a hematopoietic system centered in the constitutive hemocyte islets in the ampullariid kidney.

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Molluscan Immunobiology: Challenges in the Anthropocene Epoch

Cited by 7 publications

References 310 publications

Effect-Based Approach to Assess Nanostructured Cellulose Sponge Removal Efficacy of Zinc Ions from Seawater to Prevent Ecological Risks

Effect-Based Approach to Assess Nanostructured Cellulose Sponge Removal Efficacy of Zinc Ions from Seawater to Prevent Ecological Risks

An Overview of Transcriptional Responses of Schistosome-Susceptible (M line) or -Resistant (BS-90) Biomphalaria glabrata Exposed or Not to Schistosoma mansoni Infection

A Dissenters’ View on AppleSnail Immunobiology

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