Molten carbonates for advanced and sustainable energy applications: Part I. Revisiting molten carbonate properties from a sustainable viewpoint

Frangini, S.; Masi, Andrea

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.12.073

Cited by 77 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The change in the sharp peak position in the cooling curves confirms the reduction in liquidus temperature in multi-component mixing, in the order of (LC > LNC > LNKC > LNKC-CC > LNKC-LF), this drift is identical to the literature. 13,20 The steady baseline in the cooling curves displays the enhanced homogeneity 21 after melting. This makes it certain that the melting procedure with average cell temperature for 48h in the tubular furnace before the thermocell measurement will improve the electrolyte melt homogeneity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolyte Melt Compositions for Low Temperature Molten Carbonate Thermocells

Kandhasamy

Solheim

Kjelstrup

et al. 2018

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Industrial processes for the production of metals and alloys by metallurgical and electrochemical methods generate a great deal of waste heat due to irreversible losses. This waste heat may be used as a power source to generate electricity. A thermocell with noncritical and inexpensive molten carbonate based electrolyte mixtures with reversible (CO 2 |O 2 ) gas electrodes was reported recently. It demonstrates the possibility of utilizing the waste heat (>550 °C) as a power source. A thermocell is an electrochemical cell with two identical electrodes placed in an ionic conducting electrolyte solution with a temperature gradient between the electrodes. The heat source will be used to create the temperature gradient between the electrodes, which will lead to a potential difference by executing ionic diffusion in the electrolyte. In this work, the thermophysical and chemical properties of the electrolyte mixture were tuned by multicomponent mixing with molten (K and Ca) carbonate and LiF additives into the binary (Li,Na) carbonate mixture. It reduces the liquidus temperature to ∼400 °C and enables the molten carbonate thermocells to recover the high-grade waste heat available at even low temperatures well below 550 °C. Still, the Seebeck coefficient of the thermocells remains large (in the range of −1.5 mV/K).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolyte Melt Compositions for Low Temperature Molten Carbonate Thermocells

Kandhasamy

Solheim

Kjelstrup

et al. 2018

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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“…As stated above, the molten salt generated char has a lower aromaticity, a larger microcrystalline layer spacing and a smaller crystallite size. Due to the liquid uniformity and fluidity of molten salts [34,35], molten salts were able to penetrate the coal structure through the macro pores and, thus destroying the crystalline structure and increasing the disorder of char [23]. Fig.…”

Section: Char Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of temperature and molten salt on solar pyrolysis of lignite

Zeng

Xie

et al. 2019

Energy

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Molten salt pyrolysis driven by concentrated solar radiation is well positioned to utilize solar energy and lignite effectively. This study focused on the effects of temperature (500, 600, 700 and 800 C) and molten carbonate salt (Li 2 CO 3-Na 2 CO 3-K 2 CO 3) on properties of char obtained from lignite pyrolysis, as well as gas and tar products for revealing their formation mechanism and transformation process. Molten salt pyrolysis of HulunBuir lignite produced more gas products and less char compared to conventional pyrolysis owing to the enhanced heat transfer and catalytic effect of molten salt. The char yield decreased from 58.4% to 43.4%, and the gas yield (especially CO 2 , H 2 and CO) increased from 28.3% to 46.1% at 800 C. CO 2 , CO and H 2 production increased about 60.43%, 103.42% and 65.2% at 800 C, respectively. Additionally, the presence of molten salt improved the tar quality with more hydrocarbon content (maximum increase of 5.8%) and less oxygenated compounds. The structure and reactivity relationship of char was characterized by XRD, BET, SEM, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and TGA. Molten salt generated char had a higher reactivity due to the increase of disorder, surface area, microporosity (maximum of 71.74%) and active sites.

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“…Molten salt based composite mixtures are emerging as vital components for many high temperature heat conversion and storage systems [1,2,3,4]. The latest concentrating solar power (CSP) plants are using such composite mixtures for thermal energy storage (TES) [3,5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Conductivity of Molten Carbonates with Dispersed Solid Oxide from Differential Scanning Calorimetry

et al. 2019

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Recently, there has been a noticeable increase in the applications of composite mixtures containing molten salt and solid oxide for thermal energy conversion and storage systems. This highlights that thermal conductivity of the composites are central for the purpose of designing and devising processes. Measuring the thermal conductivity of molten samples at elevated temperatures remains challenging. In this study, the possibility to use heat flux differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure the thermal conductivity of molten samples at elevated temperatures is reported for the first time. The thermal conductivity of composite mixtures containing eutectic (Li,Na)2CO3 with and without selected solid oxides at ~675 °C was determined by using the proposed DSC approach. This mixture is a candidate for high temperature waste heat conversion to electric energy. In the DSC measurement program, steps with repeated thermal cycles between 410 and 515 °C were included to limit the effect of the interface thermal contact resistance. The determined values 0.826 ± 0.001, and 0.077 ± 0.004 W m−1K−1 for the carbonate mixtures with and without solid MgO were found to match the reliable analysis at similar conditions.

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Molten carbonates for advanced and sustainable energy applications: Part I. Revisiting molten carbonate properties from a sustainable viewpoint

Cited by 77 publications

References 32 publications

Electrolyte Melt Compositions for Low Temperature Molten Carbonate Thermocells

Electrolyte Melt Compositions for Low Temperature Molten Carbonate Thermocells

The effects of temperature and molten salt on solar pyrolysis of lignite

Thermal Conductivity of Molten Carbonates with Dispersed Solid Oxide from Differential Scanning Calorimetry

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