Molten chloride salt technology for next-generation CSP plants: Compatibility of Fe-based alloys with purified molten MgCl2-KCl-NaCl salt at 700 °C

Gong, Qing; Shi, Hao; Chai, Yan; Yu, Rui; Weisenburger, A.; Wang, Dihua; Bonk, Alexander; Bauer, Thomas; Ding, Wenjin

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119708

Cited by 42 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…However, in the NaKMgCl molten salt, the most relevant result was the presence of MgO, which other authors also identified as a corrosion product in Ni-rich alloys [42,43]. In this context, Gong et al [44] analyzed the compatibility of Fe-based alloys with purified molten MgCl 2 -KCl-NaCl salt at the same temperature (700 • C) for longer periods and they also found the formation of MgO as the main corrosion product after 1000 h.…”

Section: Xrd Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Molten Salts Composition on the Corrosion Behavior of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel for Concentrating Solar Power

Abu-warda,

García-Rodríguez,

Torres

et al. 2024

Metals

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The effects of different molten salts on the corrosion resistance of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) 316L stainless steel was evaluated at 650 and 700 °C. The samples were characterized via XRD and SEM/EDX after high-temperature corrosion tests to evaluate the corrosion damage to the L-PBF 316L stainless steel caused by the molten salts. The presence of the salts accelerated the corrosion process, the chloride-based salts being the most aggressive ones, followed by the carbonate-based and the nitrate/nitrite-based salts, respectively. The L-PBF 316L did not react strongly with the nitrate/nitrite-based salts, but some corrosion products not found in the samples tested in the absence of salts, such as NaFeO2, were formed. LiFeO2 and LiCrO2 were identified as the main corrosion products in the samples exposed to the carbonate-based molten salts, due to the high activity of Li ions. Their growth produced the depletion of Fe and Cr elements and the formation of vacancies that acted as diffusion paths on the surface of the steel. In the samples exposed to chloride-based molten salts, the attacked area was much deeper, and the corrosion process followed an active oxidation mechanism in which a chlorine cycle is assumed to have been involved.

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Section: Xrd Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Molten Salts Composition on the Corrosion Behavior of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel for Concentrating Solar Power

Abu-warda,

García-Rodríguez,

Torres

et al. 2024

Metals

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“…Literature demonstrates that alloy C-276 is a salt-compatible and highstrength material [4]. Ongoing research in chemistry control and corrosion testing are investigating the feasibility of stainless steel for high-temperature chloride salt systems [14].…”

Section: Comparison Of Fastr To Other Chloride Salt Facilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facility to Alleviate Salt Technology Risks (FASTR): Commissioning Update

Robb

Kappes

2023

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The Facility to Alleviate Salt Technology Risks (FASTR) is a versatile, high-temperature (>600°C) molten chloride salt test facility designed to enable a variety of testing to advance the Generation 3 concentrating solar power molten salt technology. FASTR includes a salt preparation system and a forced-flow test loop with a suite of instrumentation. The FASTR loop can operate at 725°C with flow rates of 3-7 kg/s, and it includes heated and cooled sections and swappable components to facilitate testing of future vendor-supplied hardware. The salt preparation system supplies large batches of clean salt for use in the FASTR forced-circulation loop. This report summarizes the shakedown and initial operation of the FASTR forced-circulation loop through December 2022.

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“…A vast body of literature exists on corrosion of alloys in molten chloride under various conditions and concentrations of MgOHCl. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] An acceptable threshold of corrosion (⩽20 μm year −1 ) can be obtained when MgOHCl concentration is 1000 ppm or less. 28,37 At these concentrations, corrosion was limited to ∼10 μm year −1 and enabled the use of stainless steel instead of costly Ni super alloys.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] An acceptable threshold of corrosion (⩽20 μm year −1 ) can be obtained when MgOHCl concentration is 1000 ppm or less. 28,37 At these concentrations, corrosion was limited to ∼10 μm year −1 and enabled the use of stainless steel instead of costly Ni super alloys. 37 Purification methods using Mg can successfully reach MgOHCl concentrations of ⩽1000 ppm.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…28,37 At these concentrations, corrosion was limited to ∼10 μm year −1 and enabled the use of stainless steel instead of costly Ni super alloys. 37 Purification methods using Mg can successfully reach MgOHCl concentrations of ⩽1000 ppm. 28,29 However, the use of Mg is only effective when the salt is heated to temperatures greater than 650 °C-the melting temperature of Mg.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous Purification of Molten Chloride Salt: Electrochemical Behavior of MgOHCl Reduction

Witteman

Rippy

2023

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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We present a study on the electrochemical behavior of magnesium hydroxide (MgOH+) reduction on a tungsten (W) cathode in molten chloride salt (MgCl2-KCl-NaCl) across the temperature range of 475-525℃. MgOH+, which forms within the salt upon exposure to moisture, is a leading cause of corrosion. Corrosion is a major barrier to deployment of chloride salts across a number of applications, including concentrating solar power plants and nuclear power plants. While pre-purification protocols have been developed to ensure MgOH+ is removed from molten chloride salts prior to deployment, MgOH+ forms in-situ during operation of chloride-salt based plants. Thus, methods for continuous purification during plant operation are needed. Continuous electrochemical purification via electrolysis using a Mg anode and W cathode has been proposed, but little has been done to assess scalability. Here, we assess fundamental properties of electrochemical removal of MgOH+ to enable future scale up of this method.

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Molten chloride salt technology for next-generation CSP plants: Compatibility of Fe-based alloys with purified molten MgCl2-KCl-NaCl salt at 700 °C

Cited by 42 publications

References 54 publications

Effect of Molten Salts Composition on the Corrosion Behavior of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel for Concentrating Solar Power

Effect of Molten Salts Composition on the Corrosion Behavior of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel for Concentrating Solar Power

Facility to Alleviate Salt Technology Risks (FASTR): Commissioning Update

Continuous Purification of Molten Chloride Salt: Electrochemical Behavior of MgOHCl Reduction

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