Molten Salt Catalysts for Hydrocracking of Polynuclear Hydrocarbons

Molten Zinc Halide Catalysts for Hydrocracking of Coal Extract and Coal

“…The equilibrium constant for Reaction 1 has been determined experimentally by Kapustinskii ( 7 ) and that for Reaction 2 may be calculated from available thermodynamic data on zinc compounds (4) : 10 T in Equation 4 is the absolute temperature in O K. The dissociation pressure of NHB over zinc chloride melts has been measured by Krasnov (5).…”

The Composition of Liquids From Coals of Different Rank

“…Beyond that, some hydrocarbon cracking must have occurred. Our compositional data are not of sufficient detail to determine the relative importance of ring-opening cracking reactions to the breaking of alkyl linkages between rings in contributing to the higher yields of low-ring-number compounds although the literature suggests hydrocarbon ring-opening reactions with similar catalysts at these temperatures are not very significant (20,21,22), amounting to less than 10 percent for phenanthrene in a flow reactor (21) and less than 5 percent for anthracene after 200 minutes at 390° C in a batch autoclave reactor (20).…”

“…Some scatter in compositional data could be expected because of the variation in individual preparations. However, since conditions generally were such as to avoid significant cracking of hydrocarbons, especially hydrocarbon ring structures (20,21,22), differences or similarities in basic hydrocarbon structures should be valid. One of the largest uncertainties is the extent of hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbon rings originally present in the coal.…”

Zncl2 catalyzed flash hydropyrolysis of +525°C pitch from cold lake bitumen

“…Unreacted pitch is that material which can react further (via primary reactions) to produce distillate oil as well as char and gases. In hydrocracking studies (not flash hydropyrolysis studies) the metal chloride catalyst was found to form a complex with the carbonaceous feedstock (Zielke et al, 1966b;Morita and Hirosawa, 1975). The decrease in heavy distillate at the highest temperature can be explained in terms of secondary reactions.…”

“…Several studies have described the interaction of the catalyst with the feedstock. In hydrocracking studies (not flash hydropyrolysis studies) the metal chloride catalyst was found to form a complex with the carbonaceous feedstock (Zielke et al, 1966b;Morita and Hirosawa, 1975). Studies with both ZnC12 (Zielke et al, 1981;and Nakatsuji et al, 1977), and SnC14 (Kriz et al, 1979) have shown that the metals in the catalyst-carbon complex are present as sulphides, not chlorides.…”