Molten salt conversion of polyethylene terephthalate waste into graphene nanostructures with high surface area and ultra-high electrical conductivity

Kamali, Ali Reza; Yang, Jigang; Sun, Qiang

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.01.119

Cited by 60 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…The first two endothermic peaks at 252 and 460 °C are due to the PET melting and pyrolysis, while the third peak at around 800 °C is characteristic of the graphitization of the residual carbon material. This agrees with the work reported by Kamali et al, where the three peaks appeared at 254, 466, and 791 °C, respectively [5]. It is obvious that there is a good match between the practical and theoretical simulation, as shown in Additional file 1: Figure S2 from the lowest to the highest heating rate with R 2 = 0.99659.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Over the last 60 years, consumer plastic use has increased by approximately 20 times, where the annual production had dramatically increased from 15 million tonnes (Mt) in 1964, to 335 Mt in 2016, and is expected to reach 1124 Mt by the year 2050 [3,4]. The annual consumption of water bottles alone has reached 500 billion units globally [5]. However, the disposal rate of these plastic debris has risen, making a substantial negative impact on the environment as well as public human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pyrolysis kinetic modelling of abundant plastic waste (PET) and in-situ emission monitoring

et al. 2020

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Background: Recycling the ever-increasing plastic waste has become an urgent global concern. One of the most convenient methods for plastic recycling is pyrolysis, owing to its environmentally friendly nature and its intrinsic properties. Understanding the pyrolysis process and the degradation mechanism is crucial for scale-up and reactor design. Therefore, we studied kinetic modelling of the pyrolysis process for one of the most common plastics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The focus was to better understand and predict PET pyrolysis when transitioning to a low carbon economy and adhering to environmental and governmental legislation. This work aims at presenting for the first time, the kinetic triplet (activation energy, pre-exponential constant, and reaction rate) for PET pyrolysis using the differential iso-conversional method. This is coupled with the in-situ online tracking of the gaseous emissions using mass spectrometry. Results: The differential iso-conversional method showed activation energy (E a) values of 165-195 kJ mol −1 , R 2 = 0.99659. While the ASTM-E698 method showed 165.6 kJ mol −1 and integral methods such as Flynn-Wall and Ozawa (FWO) (166-180 kJ mol −1). The in-situ Mass Spectrometry results showed the gaseous pyrolysis emissions, which are C 1 hydrocarbons and H-O-C=O along with C 2 hydrocarbons, C 5-C 6 hydrocarbons, acetaldehyde, the fragment of O-CH=CH 2 , hydrogen, and water. Conclusions: From the obtained results herein, thermal predictions (isothermal, non-isothermal and step-based heating) were determined based on the kinetic parameters. They can be used at numerous scale with a high level of accuracy compared with the literature.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrolysis kinetic modelling of abundant plastic waste (PET) and in-situ emission monitoring

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The rst two endothermic peaks at 252 and 460 °C are due to the PET melting and pyrolysis, while the third peak at around 800 °C is characteristic to the graphitization of the residual carbon material. This agrees with the work reported by Kamali et al where the three peaks appeared at 254, 466 and 791 °C respectively [5]. It is obvious that there is a good match between the practical and theoretical simulation as shown in Figure S2 from the lowest to the highest heating rate with R 2 = 0.99659.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Pyrolysis kinetic modelling of abundant plastic waste (PET) and in-situ emissions monitoring

Osman

Farrell

Al-Muhtaseb

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Recycling the ever-increasing plastic waste has become an urgent global concern. One of the most convenient methods for plastic recycling is pyrolysis, owing to its environmentally friendly nature and its intrinsic properties. Understanding the pyrolysis process and the degradation mechanism is crucial for scale-up and reactor design. Therefore, we studied kinetic modelling of the pyrolysis process for one of the most common plastics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The focus was to better understand and predict PET pyrolysis when transitioning to a low carbon economy and adhering to environmental and governmental legislation. This work aims at presenting for the first time, the kinetic triplet (activation energy, pre-exponential constant and reaction rate) for the PET pyrolysis using the differential iso-conversional method. This is coupled with the in-situ online tracking of the gaseous emissions using mass spectrometry.Results: The differential iso-conversional method showed activation energy (Ea) values of 165-195 kJ.mol-1, R2 = 0.99659. While the ASTM-E698 showed 165.6 kJ.mol-1 and integral methods such as Flynn-Wall and Ozawa (FWO) (166-180 kJ.mol-1). The in-situ Mass Spectrometry results showed the pyrolysis gaseous emissions which are C1-hydrocarbon and H-O-C=O along with C2 hydrocarbons, C5- C6 hydrocarbons, acetaldehyde, the fragment of O-CH=CH2, hydrogen and water. Conclusions: From the obtained results herein, thermal predictions (isothermal, non-isothermal and step-based heating) were determined based on the kinetic parameters and can be used at numerous scales with a high level of accuracy compared with the literature.

show abstract

“…The first two endothermic peaks at 252 and 460 °C are due to the PET melting and pyrolysis, while the third peak at around 800°C is characteristic to the graphitization of the residual carbon material. This agrees with the work reported by Kamali et al where the three peaks appeared at 254, 466 and 791 °C respectively [5]. It is obvious that there is a good match between the practical and theoretical simulation as shown in Figure 1 (a-e) from the lowest to the highest heating rate with R 2 = 0.99659.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Over the last 60 years, consumer plastic use has increased by approximately 20 times, where the annual production has dramatically increased from 15 million tonnes (Mt) in 1964, to 335 Mt in 2016, and is expected to reach 1124 Mt by the year 2050 [3,4]. The annual consumption of water bottles alone has reached 500 billion units globally [5]. However, the disposal rate of these plastic debris has risen, making a huge negative impact on the environment as well as public human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrolysis kinetic modelling of abundant plastic waste (PET) and in-situ emissions monitoring

Osman

Farrell

Al-Muhtaseb

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Recycling the ever-increasing plastic waste has become an urgent global concern. One of the most convenient methods for plastic recycling is pyrolysis, owing to its environmentally friendly nature and its intrinsic properties. Understanding the pyrolysis process and the degradation mechanism is crucial for scale-up and reactor design. Therefore, we studied kinetic modelling of the pyrolysis process for one of the most common plastics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The focus was to better understand and predict PET pyrolysis when transitioning to a low carbon economy and adhering to environmental and governmental legislation. This work aims at presenting for the first time, the kinetic triplet (activation energy, pre-exponential constant and reaction rate) for the PET pyrolysis using the differential iso-conversional method. This is coupled with the in-situ online tracking of the gaseous emissions using mass spectrometry. Results: The differential iso-conversional method showed activation energy (E a ) values of 165-195 kJ.mol -1 , R 2 = 0.99659. While the ASTM-E698 showed 165.6 kJ.mol -1 and integral methods such as Flynn-Wall and Ozawa (FWO) (166-180 kJ.mol -1 ). The in-situ MS results showed the pyrolysis gaseous emissions which are C 1 -hydrocarbon and H-O-C=O along with C 2 hydrocarbons, C 5 - C 6 hydrocarbons, acetaldehyde, the fragment of O-CH=CH 2 , hydrogen and water. Conclusions: The kinetic triplet along with the in-situ monitoring of the gaseous emissions of PET pyrolysis can benefit in the process modelling of this system to help better understand the process at scale. This ultimately aids in reactor optimization and design at scale, as it gives a better insight into the reaction mechanism. This can be used by plastic recyclers worldwide and the predictions made in this study can be used to determine how the rate of reaction changes based on temperature and heating rate beyond experimental results both isothermally, non-isothermally and in stepwise heating regimes.

show abstract

Molten salt conversion of polyethylene terephthalate waste into graphene nanostructures with high surface area and ultra-high electrical conductivity

Cited by 60 publications

References 110 publications

Pyrolysis kinetic modelling of abundant plastic waste (PET) and in-situ emission monitoring

Pyrolysis kinetic modelling of abundant plastic waste (PET) and in-situ emission monitoring

Pyrolysis kinetic modelling of abundant plastic waste (PET) and in-situ emissions monitoring

Pyrolysis kinetic modelling of abundant plastic waste (PET) and in-situ emissions monitoring

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