Molten salt electrochemical upcycling of CO2 to graphite for high performance battery anodes

Low-Temperature Molten Salt Electrochemical CO2 Upcycling for Advanced Energy Materials

“…The structural fingerprint of these carbon samples was probed by Raman spectroscopy. The presence of the G-band (Figure 1b) at 1578 cm −1 (∼1576 cm −1 for the graphitic structure) 33 arises from the doubly degenerate E 2g vibrational mode along with a weak 2D-band around 2678 cm −1 (∼2700 cm −1 for the graphitic structure), 33 indicating the formation of short-range layered sp 2 hybridized carbon networks. 34 NF-500 carbon also exhibited a broad and relatively higher intensity Dband at 1347 cm −1 (1348 cm −1 for graphitic structure), 33 originating from the A 1g vibrational mode and a higher I D /I G ratio (∼0.8), indicating disordered sp 2 carbon networks with possibly short-range structural ordering along the edge planes.…”

“…The presence of the G-band (Figure 1b) at 1578 cm −1 (∼1576 cm −1 for the graphitic structure) 33 arises from the doubly degenerate E 2g vibrational mode along with a weak 2D-band around 2678 cm −1 (∼2700 cm −1 for the graphitic structure), 33 indicating the formation of short-range layered sp 2 hybridized carbon networks. 34 NF-500 carbon also exhibited a broad and relatively higher intensity Dband at 1347 cm −1 (1348 cm −1 for graphitic structure), 33 originating from the A 1g vibrational mode and a higher I D /I G ratio (∼0.8), indicating disordered sp 2 carbon networks with possibly short-range structural ordering along the edge planes. 35 The Raman spectrum of SS-500 (Figure 2b) exhibits a broad D-band (at 1356 cm −1 ) and G-band (1584 cm −1 ) with a much higher I D /I G ratio (∼1.28) compared to that of NF-500, indicating an amorphous structure of the deposited carbon.…”

“…The anhydrous Li 2 CO 3 − Na 2 CO 3 −K 2 CO 3 eutectic mixture (melting point ∼397 °C) 32 in a molar ratio of 43.5:31.5:25 (∼300 g) was placed in a crucible inside a reactor as reported in a previous publication. 33 The carbonate mixture was then heated at a slow rate (1 °C/min) to 325 °C and held at this temperature for 24 h under N 2 flow to remove any residual moisture. After this predrying step, the temperature was raised to 450 or 500 °C using an electric furnace (The Mellen Company).…”

Molten salt technique for the synthesis of carbon-based materials for supercapacitors

“…However, the complexity of the relationship between the applied voltage and the morphology of the carbon products deserves further exploration. In the study of Thapaliya et al 138 Ni foam was used as a cathode for the electrochemical conversion of CO 2 into graphite in molten Li 2 CO 3 as shown in Fig. 12a.…”

Probing the evolution in catalytic graphitization of biomass-based materials for enduring energetic applications

“…Carbon, the fundamental element of the periodic table, is extremely promising in terms of both materials and energy applications, due to its remarkable versatility and unique properties such as abundance, allotropy, thermal stability, inertness, and high strength. 1–3 The uninterrupted consumption of carbon-based materials derived from fossil fuels continues to exacerbate environmental problems, giving rise to the urgent need to find alternative, cleaner energy resources. In this context, thermo-energy processes have received particular attention, especially regarding the production of valuable by-products such as tar, coal, and gas.…”