“…However, its applications in energy storage are limited due to the low-theoretical capacity (372 mAh g −1 ), considering the high energy density requirements from LIBs ( Chang et al, 2018 ; Liu et al, 2020 ). In order to meet the growing demand and expand the range of applications for high-performance LIBs, the development of advanced anode materials is crucial, such as Sn-based oxides ( Hu et al, 2021 ; Kuriganova et al, 2016 ; Das et al, 2016 ), Si-based oxides ( He et al, 2017 ; Xiang et al, 2017 ), Sb-based oxides ( Zhou et al, 2019 ), Fe-based oxides ( Li H. et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2017 ), Co-based oxides ( Li Q. et al, 2021 ), Ti-based oxides ( Huang et al, 2018 ), transition metal sulfides ( Zhang et al, 2021 ; Xiao et al, 2021 ), and others ( Gao et al, 2020 ; Karahan et al, 2019 ), can provide their high theoretical lithium storage capacity and attract much attention.…”