Monazite, lanthanide-rich glasses, and other trace elements in copper smelter slags: Constraints on critical metal behaviour in Si-Fe-rich melts

Abstract

Furnace slags are potential new sources of critical metals. We undertook a micron- to nanoscale study that addresses speciation, distribution and associations of phases in flash furnace (FF, oxidised) and electric furnace (EF, reduced) slags from the Olympic Dam mining-smelting-refinery operation. Results enable understanding of the behaviour and partitioning of critical metals between melt and cooling crystalline phases in a controlled smelter environment that mimics Fe-Si-rich systems in Nature. Melts at ~1300 °C result in slags that differ in the relative proportions of component phases. Both FF and EF slags comprise major magnetite and two, compositionally distinct Si-Fe-rich glasses (glass-1 and -2); fayalite is a main component of EF slag. Glass-1 is rich in REE+Y (4.5–5.4 wt%, Ce2O3+La2O3) and contains dendritic monazite-(Ce). The EF slag crystallization sequence is: magnetite→fayalite+glass-1→monazite→glass-2. Immiscibility of REE in Si-Fe-rich melt is inferred from amorphous ‘monazite-like’ droplets. Chondrite-normalised fractionation patterns are defined by downwards-sloping LREE segments in both glasses. Partition coefficients are calculated for magnetite and fayalite relative to glasses. DREY for HREE exceeds those for LREE in all phases and fayalite has an order of magnetite higher DHREE than co-existing EF magnetite. Applying lattice strain models to experimental values show excellent fits for DHREE-model trends, even if lattice strain is not the sole factor controlling partitioning. Melt polymerisation, variable/unpredictable oxidation states, and constraints from specific crystallographic sites, also impact on observed trends. This study demonstrates that clues to element behaviour in the deep Earth are available from metallurgical plants.