Mönckeberg's Medial Calcific Sclerosis Makes Traditional Arterial Doppler's Unreliable in High-Risk Patients with Diabetes

Abstract

Objective To assess Mönckeberg's medial calcific sclerosis (MMCS) severity in patients with a diabetic foot infection. Methods This was an analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials in which we evaluated the treatment of 233 patients admitted to the hospital for moderate and severe foot infections. Arterial calcification was defined as visible radiopaque arteries on foot and ankle radiographs, recorded as the most distal visible artery involved (toes, metatarsals, and ankle/hindfoot). Results Most subjects (57.1%, n = 133) had MMCS, with extension to toes in 79 (59.4%), to metatarsals in 32 (24.1%), and to ankle/hindfoot in 22 patients (16.5%). In 7 patients (5.2%) MMCS was solely seen in dorsalis pedis (DP) artery, in 13 patients (9.8%) in posterior tibialis (PT) artery, and in 113 patients (85.0%) MMCS was seen in both arteries. Only 29.2% ( n = 68) of DP arteries and 34.8% (n = 81) of PT arteries were not compressible by Doppler. DP and PT arteries were not compressible more often in MMCS (DP 34.3% vs 20.4%, P = .02 and PT 43.1% vs 21.4%, P < .01), toe-brachial indices of ≥0.7 were significantly more common in people without MMCS (46.0% vs 67.4%, P < .01). In contrast, there were no differences in skin perfusion pressure measurements (>50 mmHg; 67.7% vs 68.0%, P = .96), waveforms (biphasic/triphasic 83.5% vs 77.0%, P = .22), and pulse volume recording (9.6 ± 3.3 vs 13.7 ± 36.0) between patients with and without MMCS. Conclusion MMCS is common in patients with diabetic foot infections. MMCS is associated with noncompressible arterial Doppler studies and likely interferes with the accuracy of arterial Doppler studies.

Near‐infrared spectroscopy data for foot skin oxygen saturation in healthy subjects

“…1,2 Mönckeberg's medial calcific sclerosis (MMCS) has been identified in 49.5%-59.4% of patients with diabetic foot wounds, and 34.3%-43.1% of these patients have non-compressible arterial Doppler studies. 3,4 While arterial Doppler studies are commonly used, MMCS renders this approach unreliable for many high-risk patients. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is rapidly being adopted in the medical professions due to its potential for non-invasive diagnostic and therapeutic applications.…”

“… 1 , 2 Mönckeberg's medial calcific sclerosis (MMCS) has been identified in 49.5%–59.4% of patients with diabetic foot wounds, and 34.3%–43.1% of these patients have non‐compressible arterial Doppler studies. 3 , 4 While arterial Doppler studies are commonly used, MMCS renders this approach unreliable for many high‐risk patients.…”

“…The most common assessments are arterial Doppler studies that evaluate systolic pressure, ankle brachial index (ABI) of the posterior tibial artery and dorsalis pedis artery, toe pressures, toe brachial indices and waveforms 1,2 . Mönckeberg's medial calcific sclerosis (MMCS) has been identified in 49.5%–59.4% of patients with diabetic foot wounds, and 34.3%–43.1% of these patients have non‐compressible arterial Doppler studies 3,4 . While arterial Doppler studies are commonly used, MMCS renders this approach unreliable for many high‐risk patients.…”