is frequently, but unjustly, seen as the periphery of the Muslim world, in terms of both geography and religious influence. By contrast, North Africa is considered to be directly linked to the alleged center of the Muslim world, that is, the Arab Middle East. In fact, Islam has had a presence in sub-Saharan Africa since the earliest days of its history. This chapter tries to redress the periphery bias in the analysis of African Muslim societies -a bias that, as Loimeier (2013: ix-x) points out, is long overdue. After all, Africa is home to one of the largest agglomerations of Muslims in the world today. 1 Stretching south across the Sahara, the vast savannah zone -known as the Sahel -is Muslim until it reaches the forest belt of West and Central Africa. Moving south, the Horn of Africa represents a second major zone of Muslim influence. Via contact with seafaring traders in the Indian Ocean, Islam came to dominate in what is now known as the Swahili coast, stretching as far south as Mozambique and the island of Madagascar. From these areas, the religion spread gradually over the centuries, moving south and west into more tropical zones, and the expansion continues today (Levtzion and Pouwels 2000; Loimeier 2013). At present, Muslims constitute a majority in North Africa and in most of the countries in the Sahel. In Sudan, Chad and Tanzania Muslims are the largest group. The population is almost equally divided between Muslims and Christians in Africa's most populous country, Nigeria. Even where Muslims are a minority, they constitute large majorities in certain regions, as for example on the Cape in South Africa, 2 northern Benin, northern Cameroon, northern Ghana, and in highland Ethiopia and coastal Kenya (Otayek and Soares 2007: This is the author's un-edited original manuscript of a chapter that will appear in Palgrave Handbook of African Colonial and Postcolonial History edited by Martin Shanguhyia and Toyin Falola, due for publication 2017.