“…The effectiveness of credit ceilings has not been subject to the same degree of scrutiny as capital controls. The few available study (Cottarelli et al (1986)) conclude that, when effective (that is, when they are not circumvented), they significantly distort bank competition and are, thus, damaging for banking market efficiency-and, in this respect, should be seen as inferior to controls on capital inflows. For this reason, and, more generally, to avoid forms of financial dirigisme that may be seen as reminiscent of planning, credit ceilings are unlikely to become a permanent feature of CEB countries, although they may be occasionally used in response to credit booms.…”