“…2/ Prior to the adoption of the reforms, all three countries shared some characteristics of financial repression such as interest rate controls, domestic credit controls, high reserve requirements, segmented financial markets, and controls on international capital flows. As in other LDCs, these measures led to disintermediation in domestic banks, escalation of unregulated financial markets and nonbank financial institutions and, I/ See, for example, Beltas and Jones (1993) for an application to Algeria; Kamath (1985) for India; Parikh (1990) for Indonesia; Togan (1987) for Turkey; and Yang (1990) for Taiwan.…”