Money, the meaning of money, management, spirituality, and religion

Abstract

This article briefly summarizes selected theory and research related to money and the meaning of money. Research shows that money is considered as a tool and as a drug. People are subject to all kinds of temptation in the environment that trigger them to act ethically or unethically. Thinking about money enhances one’s feeling of “self‐sufficiency,” but reduces one’s willingness to help others. The mere presence of abundant money incites the feeling of “envy” toward wealthy others that provokes unethical behavior. Having control over money and spending money on others promote happiness. High love‐of‐money individuals have low pay satisfaction, low quality of life, low ethical intentions, and low intention to help others and become Good Samaritans. Since money is the direct opposite of spirituality and one cannot serve both God and money, spirituality and religion help people live fulfilling, meaningful, and purposeful lives. There is hope that our understanding of spirituality and religion through the lens of money may help researchers and practitioners move to further research and improved practice.

Love of Money and Unethical Behavior Intention: Does an Authentic Supervisor’s Personal Integrity and Character (ASPIRE) Make a Difference?

“…Females and African-Americans tend to have lower pay than their male and Caucasian counterparts, respectively, in the US. Part-time employees (students) change jobs frequently and are mostly paid at the market value (Tang 2010). Executives must pay employees fairly and reduce their LOM in organizations (Milkovich et al 2011).…”

“…Later, Tang, and his associates expanded constructs to include Good/Rich, Motivator, Evil/Unethical, Non-Motivator, Make Money, Budget Money, Donate Money to Charity, Importance, Power, Respect, Achievement, and Equity (Tang 1993(Tang , 2010Tang and Fuller 1995;Tang et al 2005;2006). As expected, ''the love of money'' (Rich, Motivator, Achievement, Respect, Power, and Importance) is related to unethical behavior intention and low life and pay satisfaction.…”

“…As mentioned, recalling the Ten Commandments or signing an honor code eliminates cheating completely (Ariely 2008). Authentic supervisors with personal integrity and character (ASPIRE) have high spiritual and self-transcendent values (Grouzet et al 2005;Tang 2010). ASPIRE may trigger their employees to obey authority figures, do what is rewarded in organizations (Treviño 1986), and behave ethically .…”

The Extrinsic Goals and The Meaning of Money for Student Who Has Career Profession Preference at Hasanuddin University

“…In addition, Tang also revealed that money-based rewards are considered as a powerful motivational trigger [5]. Thus, it can be said that the behavior of individuals can reflect how personal goals and how individuals are in the meaning of money.…”

“…Money-based rewards are considered a powerful motivational driver [5]. Other studies have shown that extrinsic factors are often detrimental to desired work attitudes and outcomes (eg, creativity, cognitive flexibility, and problem solving [6].…”