Mongolia's cryosphere

Kamp, Ulrich; Walther, Michael; Dashtseren, Avirmed

doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108202

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Permafrost temperatures at some locations of the Hentii and Southern Hangai Mountains are nearly 0°C over almost the entire ground layer [4]. Similar trends have been reported in other permafrost sites outsides of Mongolia and attributed to relatively high soil latent heat for warm permafrost that contain large amounts of unfrozen water [51][52][53].…”

Section: Spatial Variations Increasing Rates Of Magt and Altsupporting

confidence: 67%

Transient Modeling of Permafrost Distribution From 1986 to 2016 in Mongolia

Ishikawa,

Westermann,

Jambaljav

et al. 2024

Permafrost & Periglacial

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The distribution of permafrost in the southernmost zones is complicated in both time and space. We assessed this complexity by applying transient heat transfer schemes to model permafrost in Mongolia between 1986 and 2016. The modeling took into account the spatial distribution of soil thermal properties and time series of ground temperature profiles observed at 69 borehole sites. Spatial modeling was forced by downscaled ERA5 air temperatures that were further debiased with local meteorological records. The results indicated that permafrost warmed by 0°C to 0.4°C/decade, most significantly in eastern and northern Hangai and at high elevations in the Altai Mountains. The extent of permafrost remained stable, but the active layer was thickened, especially after the late 1990s. Forested wet soils experienced less warming, while temperatures in soils with low organic matter and low moisture content increased by 0.5°C over the modeling period. The lower limits of mountain permafrost were estimated to be between 1320 and 2030 m a.s.l., depending on the latitude. Our permafrost map allows the delineation of a complex distribution of permafrost in Mongolia, which is strongly controlled by the spatially complex topography, landcovers, and soil wetness.

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Section: Spatial Variations Increasing Rates Of Magt and Altsupporting

confidence: 67%

Transient Modeling of Permafrost Distribution From 1986 to 2016 in Mongolia

Ishikawa,

Westermann,

Jambaljav

et al. 2024

Permafrost & Periglacial

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“…In contrast to studies in permafrost regions of Siberia and Alaska [21,24,[28][29][30], longterm observations of aufeis distribution in High Mountain Asia (HMA) are still rare [31][32][33][34], although some researchers have already described the occurrence of aufeis in the Pangong Tso Basin (PTB) and neighboring regions since the mid-19th century [35][36][37]. Original quotations illustrate the historical evidence of aufeis in PTB.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giant Aufeis in the Pangong Tso Basin: Inventory of a Neglected Cryospheric Component in Eastern Ladakh and Western Tibet

Schmitt,

Brombierstäudl,

Schmidt

et al. 2024

Atmosphere

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Cryosphere studies in High Mountain Asia (HMA) typically focus on glaciers, seasonal snow cover, and permafrost. As an additional and mostly overlooked cryosphere component, aufeis occurs frequently in cold-arid regions and covers extensive areas of the Trans-Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau. This largely neglected cryosphere component generally forms in winter from repeated freezing of seepage or overflow. In this article, the occurrence of aufeis fields in the endorheic Pangong Tso Basin (PTB), with a total area of 31,000 km2, is inventoried and examined. Based on a semi-automatic remote sensing approach using Sentinel-2 imagery, about 1000 aufeis fields were detected in the spring of 2019, covering a total area of approximately 86 km2 and with an average individual size of 0.08 km2, while the largest field covered an area of 14.8 km2. A striking contrast between the northern and southern portions of the PTB characterized the spatial distribution of large aufeis fields. All large (>0.5 km2) and 13 persisting aufeis fields were located along broad valleys in the northern portion. Furthermore, a multi-temporal comparison between 1994 and 2023 shows that the number of remaining aufeis fields in autumn varied between 8 and 29, with a maximum in 2019. Their total area ranged between about 0.3 km2 in 1994 and 2023 to about 1.2 km2 in 2015 and 2019. This study complements recent aufeis inventories from the Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh and closes the gap to the Tibetan Plateau.

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“…For example, in their "Annual 30 m Dat for Glacial Lakes in High Mountain Asia from 2008 to 2017", Chen et al (2021) [21] not include the Altai Mountains. For information on Mongolia's glaciers and moun permafrost, we like to refer to available reviews and inventories [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Kamp and (2015) [23] identified a 28% loss in total glacier area in the 22 years between 1989 and 2 and Pan et al (2017) [24] found that the glacier recession not only continued but acce ated during the following 26 years between 1990 and 2016, when the loss increased to 4 Studies on the impact of this ice loss on streamflow are extremely rare.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glacial Lakes of Mongolia

Walther,

Kamp,

Nandintsetseg

et al. 2024

Geographies

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The over 2200 lakes of Mongolia are generally poorly studied, particularly the glacial lakes. This overview study presents a classification of the glacial lakes based on tectonic-geological and geomorphological dynamics. Selected representative lakes are described using results from fieldwork and satellite image analysis, including bathymetry, paleoshorelines, and recent lake-level fluctuations between 1987 and 2020. Generally, lake levels dropped from the early Holocene until recently, with the onset of the climate change-driven glacier recession that has resulted in lake-level rises and area expansion in almost all moraine-dammed, tongue-basin, and ice-contact lakes. In contrast, endorheic lakes have mainly been shrinking for the past forty years because of an increase in air temperature and evaporation rates and the effects of an intensifying water use within the catchment for irrigation, mining, and hydroelectric energy production in the form of dams. The creation of a lake monitoring system based on an in-depth inventory is recommended.

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Mongolia's cryosphere

Cited by 5 publications

References 71 publications

Transient Modeling of Permafrost Distribution From 1986 to 2016 in Mongolia

Transient Modeling of Permafrost Distribution From 1986 to 2016 in Mongolia

Giant Aufeis in the Pangong Tso Basin: Inventory of a Neglected Cryospheric Component in Eastern Ladakh and Western Tibet

Glacial Lakes of Mongolia

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